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Gen Bio 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are macromolecules?

A

large carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids

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2
Q

what is a polymer?

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar of identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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3
Q

what is a monomer?

A

repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

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4
Q

what are enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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5
Q

what is a dehydration reaction?

A

a water molecule is lost to synthesize a polymer

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6
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

a water molecule is added to break down a polymer

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7
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

single sugar

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8
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

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9
Q

what is a glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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10
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

macromolecules; polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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11
Q

what is starch

A

a polymer of glucose monomers

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12
Q

what is glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose

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13
Q

what is cellulose

A

polysaccharide; major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

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14
Q

what are lipids

A

one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers (not big enough to be macromolecules); hydrophobic

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15
Q

what is chitin

A

carbohydrate used by arthropods to build exoskeletons

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16
Q

what is a fat

A

consists of a glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acids

17
Q

what is a fatty acid

A

long carbon skeleton; carbon at end is part of carboxyl group. rest of the skeleton consists of a hydrocarbon chain

18
Q

what is a saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, there are as many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to the carbon skeleton; saturated with hydrogen

19
Q

what is a unsaturated fatty acid

A

has one or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon

20
Q

what are trans fats

A

fats created in the process of hydrogenation

21
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than 3

22
Q

what are steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

23
Q

what are catalysts

A

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

24
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

a polymer of amino acids

25
Q

what is protein

A

biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides

26
Q

what is a peptide bond

A

resulting covalent bond after removing a water molecule to bond two amino acids

27
Q

what is a tertiary structure

A

overall shape of a polypeptide

28
Q

what are disulfide bridges

A

covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein

29
Q

what is a quaternary structure

A

overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

30
Q

what is sickle-cell disease

A

an inherited blood disorder thats caused by the sub-sitution of one amino acid for the normal one.

31
Q

what is denaturation

A

protein unravelling and losing its native shape

32
Q

what is x-ray crystallography

A

method used to determine the
3D structure of a protein

33
Q

what is pyrimidine

A

has one six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms C, T, and U

34
Q

what are purines

A

larger than pyrimidines; six membered ring fused to a five membered ring A and G

35
Q

what are bioinformatics

A

the use of computer software and other computational tools that can handle and analyze these large data sets

36
Q

what are genomics

A

analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species

37
Q

what are proteomics

A

analysis of large sets of proteins including their sequences

Gen Bio 1 (27 decks)

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