Chapter 14 Flashcards
character
heritable feature that varies among individuals
trait
each variant for a character
true breeding
only same trait breeding
hybridization
mating/crossing of two true breeding parents
alleles
alternative versions of a gene
dominant allele
determines the organisms appearance
recessive allele
has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance
law of segregation
the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (in other words separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
punnett square
a handy diagramatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup
phenotype
physical trait
genotype
genetic code
monohybrid
heterozygous for the one particular character being followed in the cross
monohybrid cross
cross between heterozygotes
dihybrids
individuals heterozygous for the two characters being followed in the cross
law of independent assortment
two or more genes assort independently-that is each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles- during gamete formation
multiplication rules states
that to determine the probability of one event and the other occurring we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of one event and the other event.
addition rule
the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their probabilities
codominance
two alleles each affect the phenotype in a separate distinguishable way
epistasis
the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus
pedigree
family tree describing the trait across the generations
carriers
heterozygotes that transmit the recessive allele to their offspring
