Chapter 4

Question 1

what is organic chemistry

Answer 1

study of compounds containing carbon

Question 2

Methane

Answer 2

CH4

Question 3

Ethane

Answer 3

C2H6

Question 4

Ethene

Answer 4

C2H4

Question 5

what are hydrocarbons

Answer 5

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 6

what are isomers

Answer 6

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties

Question 7

what are the three kinds of isomers?

Answer 7

structure isomers, cis trans isomers, and enantiomers

Question 8

what are structural isomers

Answer 8

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

Question 9

what are cis trans isomers

Answer 9

in which carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

Question 10

what are enantiomers

Answer 10

isomers that are mirror images of each other, and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.

Question 11

what are functional groups

Answer 11

chemical groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions

Question 12

hydroxyl group

Answer 12

is polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds such as sugars.

Compound name: Alcohol (specific name usually ends in -ol)

ex: ethanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages

Question 13

carbonyl group

Answer 13

sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses, those with aldehydes are called aldoses

compound name: ketone (carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton) or aldehyde (carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton)

ex. acetone (simplest ketone), propanal (an aldehyde)

Question 14

carboxyl group

Answer 14

acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

compound name: carboxylic acid or organic acid

ex: acetic acid (which gives vinegar its sour taste) and the ionized form of -COOH (carboxylate ion found in cells)

Question 15

amino group

Answer 15

acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms)

compound name: amine

ex: glycine, an amino acid (note its carboxyl group) and the ionized form of -NH2 found in cells

Question 16

sulfhydryl group

Answer 16

two -SH groups can react, forming a cross link that helps stabilize protein structure. hair protein cross-links, maintain the straightness or curliness of hair; in hair salons, “permanent treatments break cross links, then reform them while the hair is in the desired shape. compound name: thiol

ex. cysteine

Question 17

phosphate group

Answer 17

contributes negative charge (1- when positioned inside a chain of the phosphates; 2- when at the end) when attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy.

compound name: organic phosphate

ex. glycerol phosphate (which takes part in many important chemical reactions in cells)

Question 18

methyl group

Answer 18

affects the expression of genes when bonded to DNA or to proteins that bind to DNA. affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones.

compound name: methylated compound

ex. 5-Methylcytosine: cytosine, a component of DNA has been modified by addition of a methyl group

Question 19

what is atp

Answer 19

adenosine triphosphate, or ATP is the energy currency of the cell