Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 213 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) organ compound that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

NADP+

A

-cofactor used in anabolic reactions
-primary electron acceptor for the photosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

FAD+

A

cofactor involved in cellular respiration
-responsible for accepting “high energy” electrons and carrying them ultimately to the electron transport chain where they are used to synthetize ATP molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mitochondria

A

membrane-bound organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

glucose

A

a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

glucose 6-phosphate

A

glucose sugar phosphorylated at the hydroxy group on carbon 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fructose 6-phosphate

A

derivative of fructose which has been phosphorylated at the 6-hydroxy group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

A

fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

A

intermediate in glycolysis during respiration and the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms (glycolysis and photosynthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3-phosphoglycerate

A

intermediate in glycolysis and the Calvin-Benson cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2-phosphoglycerate

A

penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

phosphoenolpyrucvate

A

the highest energy phosphate bond found in organisms and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pyruvate

A

intermediate in several pathways naturally formed during glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

acetyl-CoA

A

main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle and to be oxidized for energy production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

glycolysis

A

converts glucose to pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fermentation

A

extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

aerobic respiration

A

process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen

21
Q

Krebs cycle (TCA cycle, citric acid cycle)

A

a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

22
Q

oxaloacetate

A

metabolic intermediate of the citric acid cycle

23
Q

citrate

A

intermediate in the citric acid cycle

24
Q

isocitrate

A

structural isomer of citric acid, intermediate of the citric acid cycle

25
succinylcholine-CoA
intermediate in the citric acid cycle
26
succinate
intermediate in the citric acid cycle
27
fumarate
intermediate in the citric acid cycle
28
malate
intermediate in the citric acid cycle
29
electron transfer system (oxidative phosphorylation)
series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via reduce reactions and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane
30
cytochromes
redox-active proteins containing a heme with a central iron atom at its core as a cofactor
31
Coenzyme Q (ubiquinonone)
a powerful antioxidant (antioxidants fight damaging particles in the body known as free radicals which wreak havoc on a cell)
32
ATP synthase
protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate using adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate
33
insulin
peptide hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, helps blood sugar enter the body's cells so it can be used for energy
34
Type 1 diabetes
chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin
35
Type 2 diabetes
body wither doesn't produce insulin or is insulin resistant
36
LDL
low density lipoprotein "bad" cholesterol high levels raise risk for heart disease and stroke
37
HDL
High density lipoprotein, good cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol in the blood and carries it back to the liver
38
Aerobic respiration versus fermentation pathways and the energy yields or each
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and yields 36 ATP (net, 38 including the 2 used in glycolysis) Fermentation is the pathway used when there is no oxygen available and produces 2 ATP (net, 4 including the 2 used in glycolysis)
39
the energy yields of NADH versus FADH
8 produced from FADH, 30 produced from NADH (ATP)
40
The reaction equation for glycolysis
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
41
the reaction equation for aerobic respiration
C6H1206 + 6O2 --> 6C02 + 6H20
42
the location of glycolysis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
In eukaryotes: cytoplasm in prokaryotes: cytoplasm
43
the location of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: Krebs cycle (cytosol) oxidative phosphorylation (cytoplasm) Eukaryotes: Krebs cycle (mitochondria matrix) oxidative phosphorylation (inner membrane of mitochondria)
44
the function and regulation of phosphofructokinase
catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate (F-6-P) to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-P2) using ATP, and plays an important role as a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis
45
proton motive force
the force that promotes movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential
46
the chemiosmotic gradient
The removal of protons from the matrix and deposition of protons in the intermembrane space creates a concentration difference of protons across the inner membrane
47
reactive oxygen species and their biological effects
natural byproducts of cellular oxidative metabolism and play important roles in the modulation of cell survival, cell death, differentiation, cell signaling, and inflammation-related factor production
48
the benefits of exercise
improve your brain health, help manage weight, reduce the risk of disease, strengthen bones and muscles, and improve your ability to do everyday activities IF I NEED TO STUDY THIS I AM STUPID :)

BIOL 213 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions