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BIOL 213 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) organ compound that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells

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2
Q

NADP+

A

-cofactor used in anabolic reactions
-primary electron acceptor for the photosystems

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3
Q

FAD+

A

cofactor involved in cellular respiration
-responsible for accepting “high energy” electrons and carrying them ultimately to the electron transport chain where they are used to synthetize ATP molecules

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4
Q

mitochondria

A

membrane-bound organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

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6
Q

glucose

A

a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms

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7
Q

glucose 6-phosphate

A

glucose sugar phosphorylated at the hydroxy group on carbon 6

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8
Q

fructose 6-phosphate

A

derivative of fructose which has been phosphorylated at the 6-hydroxy group

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9
Q

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

A

fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6

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10
Q

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

A

intermediate in glycolysis during respiration and the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis

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11
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms (glycolysis and photosynthesis)

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12
Q

3-phosphoglycerate

A

intermediate in glycolysis and the Calvin-Benson cycle

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13
Q

2-phosphoglycerate

A

penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate

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14
Q

phosphoenolpyrucvate

A

the highest energy phosphate bond found in organisms and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

pyruvate

A

intermediate in several pathways naturally formed during glycolysis

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16
Q

acetyl-CoA

A

main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle and to be oxidized for energy production

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17
Q

glycolysis

A

converts glucose to pyruvate

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18
Q

fermentation

A

extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

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19
Q

aerobic respiration

A

process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food

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20
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen

21
Q

Krebs cycle (TCA cycle, citric acid cycle)

A

a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

22
Q

oxaloacetate

A

metabolic intermediate of the citric acid cycle

23
Q

citrate

A

intermediate in the citric acid cycle

24
Q

isocitrate

A

structural isomer of citric acid, intermediate of the citric acid cycle

25
Q

succinylcholine-CoA

A

intermediate in the citric acid cycle

26
Q

succinate

A

intermediate in the citric acid cycle

27
Q

fumarate

A

intermediate in the citric acid cycle

28
Q

malate

A

intermediate in the citric acid cycle

29
Q

electron transfer system (oxidative phosphorylation)

A

series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via reduce reactions and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane

30
Q

cytochromes

A

redox-active proteins containing a heme with a central iron atom at its core as a cofactor

31
Q

Coenzyme Q (ubiquinonone)

A

a powerful antioxidant (antioxidants fight damaging particles in the body known as free radicals which wreak havoc on a cell)

32
Q

ATP synthase

A

protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate using adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate

33
Q

insulin

A

peptide hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, helps blood sugar enter the body’s cells so it can be used for energy

34
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin

35
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

body wither doesn’t produce insulin or is insulin resistant

36
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein “bad” cholesterol high levels raise risk for heart disease and stroke

37
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoprotein, good cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol in the blood and carries it back to the liver

38
Q

Aerobic respiration versus fermentation pathways and the energy yields or each

A

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and yields 36 ATP (net, 38 including the 2 used in glycolysis)

Fermentation is the pathway used when there is no oxygen available and produces 2 ATP (net, 4 including the 2 used in glycolysis)

39
Q

the energy yields of NADH versus FADH

A

8 produced from FADH, 30 produced from NADH (ATP)

40
Q

The reaction equation for glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi –> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O

41
Q

the reaction equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 –> 6C02 + 6H20

42
Q

the location of glycolysis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

In eukaryotes: cytoplasm

in prokaryotes: cytoplasm

43
Q

the location of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: Krebs cycle (cytosol) oxidative phosphorylation (cytoplasm)

Eukaryotes: Krebs cycle (mitochondria matrix) oxidative phosphorylation (inner membrane of mitochondria)

44
Q

the function and regulation of phosphofructokinase

A

catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate (F-6-P) to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-P2) using ATP, and plays an important role as a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis

45
Q

proton motive force

A

the force that promotes movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential

46
Q

the chemiosmotic gradient

A

The removal of protons from the matrix and deposition of protons in the intermembrane space creates a concentration difference of protons across the inner membrane

47
Q

reactive oxygen species and their biological effects

A

natural byproducts of cellular oxidative metabolism and play important roles in the modulation of cell survival, cell death, differentiation, cell signaling, and inflammation-related factor production

48
Q

the benefits of exercise

A

improve your brain health, help manage weight, reduce the risk of disease, strengthen bones and muscles, and improve your ability to do everyday activities IF I NEED TO STUDY THIS I AM STUPID :)

BIOL 213 (13 decks)

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