Chapter 10

Question 1

Autotrophs

Answer 1

an organism that produces complex organic compounds using carbon from simple substances like CO2 generally using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions

Question 2

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 2

an organism, typically a bacterium, which derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.

Question 3

Thermoautotrophs

Answer 3

This bitch done exist. organisms that get their energy from heat?

Question 4

Photoautotrophs

Answer 4

organisms that use light energy and inorganic carbon to produce organic materials

Question 5

Heterotrophs

Answer 5

organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter

Question 6

Photosynthesis

Answer 6

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water

Question 7

Chlorophyll a

Answer 7

the predominant type of chlorophyll found in green plants and algae

Question 8

accessory pigment proteins

Answer 8

chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophyll, anthocyanin, phycoerythrin, and phycocyanin. These accessory pigments broaden the range of light that can be absorbed by the plant. However, accessory pigments cannot convert light into energy

Question 9

electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 9

range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies

Question 10

wavelength

Answer 10

describes how long the wave is

Question 11

frequency

Answer 11

the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time

Question 12

photon

Answer 12

a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation

Question 13

absorption spectra

Answer 13

occurs when light passes through a cold, dilute gas and atoms in the gas absorb at characteristic frequencies

Question 14

mesophyll

Answer 14

the inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts

Question 15

chloroplasts

Answer 15

(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

Question 16

stroma

Answer 16

colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast

Question 17

thylakoids

Answer 17

flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana

Question 18

photosystem I

Answer 18

considered older than photosystem II, integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to catalyze the transfer of electrons across the thylakoid membrane from plastocyanin to ferredoxin

Question 19

photosystem II

Answer 19

the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

Question 20

reaction center

Answer 20

Reaction centers are present in all green plants, algae, and many bacteria. A variety in light-harvesting complexes exist across the photosynthetic species

Question 21

electron transport chain

Answer 21

series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane

Question 22

plastoquinone

Answer 22

an isoprenoid quinone molecule involved in the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 23

plastocyanine

Answer 23

a copper-containing protein that mediates electron-transfer

Question 24

ferredoxin

Answer 24

electron transfer proteins containing one or more active sites consisting of either two or four iron atoms and an equivalent amount of inorganic sulfide bonded to four cysteine sulfhydryl groups

Question 25

ATP synthase

Answer 25

protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate using adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase is a molecular machine

Question 26

NADP reductase

Answer 26

last enzyme in the transfer of electrons during photosynthesis from photosystem I to NADPH

Question 27

C3 cycle

Answer 27

in the first stage of the Calvin cycle, the light-independent reactions are initiated and carbon dioxide is fixed. In the second stage of the C3 cycle, ATP and NADPH reduce 3PGA to G3P. ATP and NADPH are then converted into ATP and NADP+. In the last stage, RuBP is regenerated

Question 28

C4 cycle

Answer 28

carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants

Question 29

CAM cycle

Answer 29

Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions that allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night

Question 30

rubisco

Answer 30

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) forms the bridge between life and the lifeless, creating organic carbon from the inorganic carbon dioxide in the air.

Question 31

ribulose bisphosphate

Answer 31

organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis, notably as the principal CO₂ acceptor in plants

Question 32

3-phosphoglycerate

Answer 32

intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle

Question 33

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Answer 33

intermediate in both glycolysis during respiration and the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis

Question 34

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Answer 34

intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms

Question 35

radioactive tracers

Answer 35

used in imaging tests that help find problems inside the body. These tracers give off particles that can be detected and turned into a picture to help find problems in organs or other structures. The tracer is usually given through an intravenous (I.V.) line placed in a vein

Question 36

The relationships between wavelength, color, frequency, and energy of sunlight

Answer 36

The shorter the wavelengths and higher the frequency corresponds with greater energy. Certain wavelengths appear as different colors

Question 37

the summary equation for photosynthesis,

Answer 37

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 38

the source and pathway of electrons through the protein components of the thylakoid membrane

Answer 38

They go through the photosystem II protein and down the electron transport chain. Then they pass through the photosystem I protein

Question 39

cyclic, versus non- cyclic photosynthesis

Answer 39

Cyclic photophosphorylation happens only in the photosystem I but non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in both the photosystems I and II

In the cyclic photophosphorylation, only ATP is produced, whereas, in the non-cyclic photophosphorylation both NADPH and ATP are produced

Question 40

the chemiosmotic gradient

Answer 40

The removal of protons from the matrix and deposition of protons in the intermembrane space creates a concentration difference of protons across the inner membrane

Question 41

light-dependent versus light-independent reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 41

In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and that energy is converted into stored chemical energy. In the light-independent reactions, the chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions drives the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide

Question 42

the difference between C3 versus C4 and CAM cycle plants

Answer 42

The Calvin cycle produces a three-carbon compound from C3 photosynthesis, whereas C4 photosynthesis produces an intermediate four-carbon compound that splits into a three-carbon compound for the Calvin cycle. Plants that use CAM photosynthesis collect sunlight during the day and fix CO2 molecules at night

Question 43

pulse-chase experimentation

Answer 43

Palade and colleagues studied the pathway taken by newly secreted proteins in pancreatic acinar cells by labeling them with radioactive amino acids, removing unused label, and determining their location within the cells at various time points

Question 44

CO2/ozone balance and global warming

Answer 44

increasing CO2 and other greenhouse gasses reduces the earth’s ability to “cool itself off” by radiating energy into space