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BIOL 213 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Uracil

A

only found in RNA, replaces adenine and pairs with thymine

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2
Q

DNA

A

genetic material

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3
Q

pre-mRNA

A

primary mRNA transcript

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4
Q

mRNA

A

RNA polymerase 2

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5
Q

tRNA

A

RNA polymerase 3, the adapter molecule that links information in mRNA codons with specific amino acids

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6
Q

rRNA

A

RNA polymerase 1 and 3

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7
Q

snRNA

A

small nuclear RNA, responsible for splicing of introns from primary genomic transcripts

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8
Q

transcription

A

DNA to RNA, same chemical language

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9
Q

translation

A

RNA to protein, different chemical language

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10
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A

Biological information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

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11
Q

RNA polymerase

A

catalyze synthesis of RNA

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12
Q

nucleic acids

A

a class of biological molecules

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13
Q

amino acids

A

Building blocks for proteins

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14
Q

proteins

A

A biological class of molecule

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15
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

mRNA

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16
Q

Intron

A

noncoding sequences

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17
Q

exon

A

coding sequence

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18
Q

template strand

A

one of the two strands of DNA

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19
Q

RNA splicing

A

Removes introns and splices exons together

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20
Q

5’ cap

A

one end of the DNA strand

21
Q

3’ poly-A tail

A

other end of the DNA strand

22
Q

poly-A signal sequence

A

The sequence motif recognized by the RNA cleavage complex

23
Q

spliceosome

A

A large RNA-protein complex that catalyses the removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNA

24
Q

small nuclear robinuclear proteins

A

snRNP: combine with unmodified pre-mRNA is a core component of the spliceosome, the molecular machinery for pre-mRNA

25
Q

alternative splicing (exon shuffling)

A

two or more exons from different genes can be brought together ectopically, or the same exon can be duplicated, to create a new exon-intron structure

26
Q

TAP

A

TAP protein binds to the 5’ end; this binds to other proteins that are recognized by receptors at the nuclear pore

27
Q

promoter

A

a special sequence of DNA. Tells RNA polymerase where to start and which strand of DNA to transcribe

28
Q

terminator

A

sequence of DNA that marks the end of a gene or operon in transcription

29
Q

transcriptional unit

A

Sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a single RNA molecule, along with the sequences necessary for its transcription

30
Q

TATA box

A

Indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded

31
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA

32
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

33
Q

wobble hypothesis

A

attributes the phenomenon of codon degeneracy to a certain impreciseness of pairing between the third base of codon and the first base of the anticodon

34
Q

AUG (methionine)

A

Start codon

35
Q

start codons

A

A specific series of nucleotides that codes to start translation

36
Q

stop codons

A

a specific series of three nucleotides that signals to halt protein synthesis

37
Q

open reading frame (ORF)

A

the length of DNA, or RNA, which is transcribed into RNA, through which a ribosome can travel, adding one amino acid after another before it runs into a codon that doesn’t code for any amino acid

38
Q

anticodon

A

a unit of 3 nucleotides that are complementary to a mRNA codon

39
Q

ribosomes

A

bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

40
Q

large subunit

A

part of ribosome that catalyzes peptide bond formation

41
Q

small subunit

A

part of ribosome that decodes the genetic message

42
Q

A site

A

In the ribosome, a site accepts the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA

43
Q

P site

A

In the ribosome, p site holds the tRNA with the peptide attached, which is to be transferred to the new amino acid residue in the course of the peptidyltransferase reaction

44
Q

E site

A

In the ribosome, the exit of the tRNA exits at the e site

45
Q

polyribosomes

A

a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like “beads” on a “thread”

46
Q

aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

A

substrates for translation and are pivotal in determining how the genetic code is interpreted as amino acids

47
Q

signal sequence

A

a sequence of amino acid residues bound at the amino terminus of a nascent protein during protein translation

48
Q

signal recognition particle

A

binds to the signal sequence of newly synthesized peptide as it emerges from the ribosome, it targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes

49
Q

nascent protein

A

extended into a tunnel or cavity within the large ribosomal unit as they are formed by the successive addition of amino acids to the N-terminus

BIOL 213 (13 decks)

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