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BIOL 213 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical make-up and attributes of an organism

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2
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic material (or blueprint) that determines phenotype

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3
Q

Genes

A

the genetic material for one specific function (one gene=one protein)

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4
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid the genetic material of biological organisms

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

Enormous strings of DNA that posses thousands of individual genes

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA molecule is complexed with proteins to form chromatin

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7
Q

autosomes

A

one of the numbered chromosomes as opposed to the sex chromosomes

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8
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

type of chromosome involved in sex determination

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9
Q

karyotype

A

an individuals complete set of chromosomes

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10
Q

centrosome

A

a cellular structure involved in cell division

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11
Q

kinetochore

A

a complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

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12
Q

Centrosome (spindle fiber apparatus)

A

A cellular structure involved in cellular division

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13
Q

centrioles

A

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus of animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers during cell division

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14
Q

microtubules (spindle fibers)

A

a microscopic tubular structure that is in the cytoplasm of cells sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures

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15
Q

dyad

A

a double chromosome resulting from the splitting of a tetrad in meiosis

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16
Q

binary fission

A

a type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides resulting in two identical cells that each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell.

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17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The creation of the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic division of the cell

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18
Q

diploid

A

a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

somatic cell

A

body cell, not the reproductive cells

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20
Q

haploid

A

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

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21
Q

G1

A

The cell grows in size and creates the mRNA and proteins required for DNA synthesis

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22
Q

S

A

Occurs before interphase and is involved in DNA synthesis and replication

23
Q

G2

A

Shortest phase, when organelles and proteins necessary for cell division are produced

24
Q

Interphase

A

Cell spends most of its time here. Cell grows replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division

25
Q

M phase

A

Cell division phase, nucleus divides and then cytoplasm does (mitosis and cytokinesis respectively)

26
Q

Growth factors

A

A group of proteins stimulating the growth of specific tissues

27
Q

Checkpoint proteins

A

Surveillance mechanisms that monitor important steps in the cell cycle

28
Q

Prophase

A

The first stage of cell division chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids

29
Q

prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down

30
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers

31
Q

anaphase

A

Chromosomes move away from each other to opposite poles on the spindle

32
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes move to opposite sides and two nuclei are formed

33
Q

cyclins

A

a family of regulatory proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle

34
Q

cyclin dependent kinases

A

protein kinases characterized by needing a separate subunit - a cyclin - that provides domains essential for enzymatic activity

35
Q

cohesion

A

protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during the early stage of anaphase

36
Q

separase

A

responsible for triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin

37
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death necessary for the growth and development of an organism

38
Q

necrosis

A

Death of a cell due to disease, inadequate blood flow, etc.

39
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci

40
Q

sexual replication

A

DNA comes from each parent

41
Q

asexual replication

A

parent copies itself to produce offspring

42
Q

phases of meiosis (prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase
1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2)

A

Prophase 1:
metaphase 1:
anaphase 1:
telophase 1:

prophase 2:
metaphase 2:
anaphase 2:
telophase 2:

43
Q

tetrad

A

four chromatids of each homologous pair form a tetrad

44
Q

Synapsis

A

During prophase I, the homologous chromosomes pair

45
Q

chiasmata

A

exchange of genetic material occurs at the chiasmata and it is called crossing over

46
Q

gamete

A

cells involved in sexual reproduction

47
Q

zygote

A

gametes fuse to form diploid zygote which divides by mitosis to form mature organism

48
Q

germ cell

A

body cells specialized for reproduction and meiosis (diploid). Produce gametes

49
Q

crossing over

A

results in recombinant chromatids and increases genetic variability of the products

50
Q

nondisjunction

A

a meiotic error; homologous pairs fail to separate at anaphase I; sister chromatids fail to separate or homologous chromosomes may not remain together

51
Q

aneuploidy

A

chromosomes lacking or present in excess

52
Q

Downs syndrome (trisomy 21)

A

still a viable condition, cause of downs syndrome. an extra copy of a chromosome

53
Q

translocation

A

A piece of chromosome may break away and attach to another chromosome

54
Q

tumor suppressor proteins (retinoblastoma protein, p21, p53 etc)

A

negative regulators in both cancer and normal cells but in cancer cells they are inactive

BIOL 213 (13 decks)

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