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BIOL 213 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical make-up and attributes of an organism

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2
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic material (or blueprint) that determines phenotype

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3
Q

Genes

A

the genetic material for one specific function (one gene=one protein)

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4
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid the genetic material of biological organisms

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

Enormous strings of DNA that posses thousands of individual genes

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA molecule is complexed with proteins to form chromatin

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7
Q

autosomes

A

one of the numbered chromosomes as opposed to the sex chromosomes

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8
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

type of chromosome involved in sex determination

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9
Q

karyotype

A

an individuals complete set of chromosomes

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10
Q

centrosome

A

a cellular structure involved in cell division

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11
Q

kinetochore

A

a complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

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12
Q

Centrosome (spindle fiber apparatus)

A

A cellular structure involved in cellular division

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13
Q

centrioles

A

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus of animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers during cell division

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14
Q

microtubules (spindle fibers)

A

a microscopic tubular structure that is in the cytoplasm of cells sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures

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15
Q

dyad

A

a double chromosome resulting from the splitting of a tetrad in meiosis

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16
Q

binary fission

A

a type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides resulting in two identical cells that each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell.

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17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The creation of the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic division of the cell

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18
Q

diploid

A

a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

somatic cell

A

body cell, not the reproductive cells

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20
Q

haploid

A

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

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21
Q

G1

A

The cell grows in size and creates the mRNA and proteins required for DNA synthesis

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22
Q

S

A

Occurs before interphase and is involved in DNA synthesis and replication

23
Q

G2

A

Shortest phase, when organelles and proteins necessary for cell division are produced

24
Q

Interphase

A

Cell spends most of its time here. Cell grows replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division

25
M phase
Cell division phase, nucleus divides and then cytoplasm does (mitosis and cytokinesis respectively)
26
Growth factors
A group of proteins stimulating the growth of specific tissues
27
Checkpoint proteins
Surveillance mechanisms that monitor important steps in the cell cycle
28
Prophase
The first stage of cell division chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids
29
prometaphase
Nuclear envelope breaks down
30
metaphase
chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers
31
anaphase
Chromosomes move away from each other to opposite poles on the spindle
32
telophase
chromosomes move to opposite sides and two nuclei are formed
33
cyclins
a family of regulatory proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle
34
cyclin dependent kinases
protein kinases characterized by needing a separate subunit - a cyclin - that provides domains essential for enzymatic activity
35
cohesion
protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during the early stage of anaphase
36
separase
responsible for triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin
37
apoptosis
programmed cell death necessary for the growth and development of an organism
38
necrosis
Death of a cell due to disease, inadequate blood flow, etc.
39
homologous chromosomes
made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci
40
sexual replication
DNA comes from each parent
41
asexual replication
parent copies itself to produce offspring
42
phases of meiosis (prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2)
Prophase 1: metaphase 1: anaphase 1: telophase 1: prophase 2: metaphase 2: anaphase 2: telophase 2:
43
tetrad
four chromatids of each homologous pair form a tetrad
44
Synapsis
During prophase I, the homologous chromosomes pair
45
chiasmata
exchange of genetic material occurs at the chiasmata and it is called crossing over
46
gamete
cells involved in sexual reproduction
47
zygote
gametes fuse to form diploid zygote which divides by mitosis to form mature organism
48
germ cell
body cells specialized for reproduction and meiosis (diploid). Produce gametes
49
crossing over
results in recombinant chromatids and increases genetic variability of the products
50
nondisjunction
a meiotic error; homologous pairs fail to separate at anaphase I; sister chromatids fail to separate or homologous chromosomes may not remain together
51
aneuploidy
chromosomes lacking or present in excess
52
Downs syndrome (trisomy 21)
still a viable condition, cause of downs syndrome. an extra copy of a chromosome
53
translocation
A piece of chromosome may break away and attach to another chromosome
54
tumor suppressor proteins (retinoblastoma protein, p21, p53 etc)
negative regulators in both cancer and normal cells but in cancer cells they are inactive

BIOL 213 (13 decks)

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