Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 213 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

First law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy is neither created or destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Heat always moves from hotter objects to colder objects. “cold” is not energy and therefore cannot move

When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work, no energy transformation is 100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy of an object based on its position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of an object in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

endergonic

A

delta G is positive, reaction requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

exergonic

A

delta G is negative, reaction releases energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Free energy

A

useful energy, associated with a reaction, that can perform work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

entropy

A

measure of the disorder in a system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

metabolism

A

Sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

anabolism

A

Complex molecules are made from simple molecules; energy input is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

catabolism

A

a pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller subunits, energy is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

metabolic pathway

A

The organization of all chemical reactions in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

catalyst

A

-speed up the rate of reactions
-is not altered by the reactions
-most are enzymes
-RNA can also be a catalyst (ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

energy of activation

A

amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

enzyme

A

-Biological catalyst
-lower the energy barrier for reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Compete with the natural substrates for binding sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

non-competitive inhibitor

A

Bind to the enzyme at a different site (not the active site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reversible inhibitor

A

Inhibitor bonds non-covalently to the active site and prevents substrate from binding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

non-reversible inhibitor

A

Inhibitor covalently bonds to side chains in the active site-permanently inactivates the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

allosteric regulation

A

natural, noncompetitive, reversible inhibitors and/or activators of enzyme activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

active site

A

where substrate molecules bind to the active site of the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

transition state

A

activation energy changes the reactants into unstable forms with higher free energy (transition state intermediates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

coenzyme

A

(enzyme helpers) electron taxis that transfer electrons from one reaction to another

24
Q

cofactor

A

Inorganic ions bound to enzyme

25
Q

prosthetic group

A

non-amino acid organic groups bound to enzymes

26
Q

reactants (substrates)

A

substrates, what binds to enzyme

27
Q

intermediates

A

compounds that are between steps of important pathways

28
Q

end products

A

the final products of a reaction

29
Q

oxidizing agent

A

what does the oxidizing, it is reduced (has an extra electron)

30
Q

reducing agent

A

What does the reducing, it is oxidized (loses an electron)

31
Q

oxidized

A

OIL RIG oxidized and has one less electron

32
Q

reduced

A

OIL RIG reduced gains an extra electron

33
Q

Which statements describe a chemical reaction?

A solid melts to a liquid.

Atoms are rearranged, but do not change.

A gas is formed when two substances mix.

A salt such as NaCl dissolves in water

A

-Atoms are rearranged but do not change
-A gas is formed when two substances mix

34
Q

Which of the statements regarding potential energy is true?

Potential energy cannot be stored and is immediately converted to kinetic energy.

Potential energy is the energy that an object has based on its position.

An object in motion does not have any potential energy.

The potential energy of an object cannot be determined.

A

Potential energy is the energy that an object has based on its position

35
Q

Which of these describes a catabolic pathway?

a pathway that transmits a signal within a cell

a pathway that constructs molecules from smaller subunits

a pathway that consumes energy

a pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller subunits

A

a pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller subunits

36
Q

How do organisms use energy, according to the first law of thermodynamics?

All organisms break down molecules to convert chemical energy into kinetic energy.

Plants are more energy efficient than animals because plants trap heat from the sun.

Heterotrophic organisms, or consumers, create energy using the food they consume.

Animal movement produces heat, which is the form energy takes when it is destroyed.

The light energy collected during photosynthesis is converted to chemical energy.

A

All organisms break down molecules to convert chemical energy into kinetic energy

The light energy collected during photosynthesis is converted to chemical energy

37
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state about energy?

When a warm object loses thermal energy to a colder object, all the energy from the warm object is transferred to the colder object.

As heat disperses into a colder object, coldness disperses into the heat source until their temperatures are equal.

When energy transforms, the energy breaks down from a neatly organized state to a state of disarray.

Given the opportunity, energy disperses away from a concentrated source into places with less energy.

A

Given the opportunity, energy disperses away form a concentrated source into places with less energy

38
Q

Which definition describes enthalpy?

a difference in the charge that drives the movement of ions across a membrane

a measure of the amount of internal energy in a system at constant pressure

a measure of the amount of disorder present in a given system

the spatial arrangement of the atoms and chemical bonds that hold a molecule together

A

a measure of the amount of internal energy in a system at constant pressure

39
Q

Which statement best describes free energy?

a measure of how fast a reaction can take place

energy that must be added for a reaction to be spontaneous

energy that is added to start a reaction

useful energy, associated with a reaction, that can perform work

the amount of energy wasted in a chemical reaction

A

useful energy, associated with a reaction, that can perform work

40
Q

Which molecule is used as the primary source of chemical energy for tasks within a cell?

glucose

NADH

phospholipids

ATP

A

ATP

41
Q

How does adenosine triphosphate (ATP) drive energy‑required reactions in the cell?

The hydrolysis of ATP releases heat to drive energy‑requiring reactions.

The hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to a non‑spontaneous reaction.

ATP generates a proton gradient to drive reactions.

ATP increases the activation energy of a reaction.

ATP allows metabolic reactions to proceed without an enzyme.

A

the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to a non-spontaneous reaction

42
Q

Which statement is an example of the chemical potential energy in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) being turned into work?

ATP is spontaneously hydrolyzed to ADP.

ATP is bound by an enzyme but is not hydrolyzed.

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose during glycolysis.

ATP synthase transfers a phosphate to ADP.

After splitting ATP, a protein changes shape to pump ions across a membrane.

A

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose during glycolysis

After splitting ATP a protein changes shape to pump ions across a membrane

43
Q

Which of the statements describe a catalyst?

decreases the energy difference between reactants and products

is not consumed during the chemical reaction

increases the rate of endergonic reactions

is a protein that functions in a metabolic reaction

lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction

A

is not consumed during chemical reaction

increases the rate of endergonic reactions

lowers the activation energy of chemical reaction

44
Q

Which of the statements best describes the overall role of enzymes in metabolism?

Enzymes decrease the speed of reactions.

Enzymes only break down large molecules.

Enzymes increase the speed of reactions.

Enzymes prevent reactions from requiring ATP.

A

Enzymes increase the speed of reactions

45
Q

Choose the best definition for activation energy.

energy difference between reactants and products in a reaction

energy absorbed during a chemical reaction

energy that is stored in chemical bonds

energy produced by the movement of an atom

amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

A

amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

46
Q

Q
What is the significance of a lower activation energy?

It increases overall cellular energy expenditure.

It slows the rate at which products are formed.

It increases the rate of a cellular reaction.

It increases the rate at which enzymes are consumed

A

It increases the rate of a cellular reaction

47
Q

Which of the choices are examples of coupled reactions?

In water, sodium choloride (NaCl) dissociates into sodium and chloride ions.

ATP hydrolysis drives lactose synthesis from glucose and galactose.

ATP is hydrolyzed by water without the presence of enzymes.

ATP synthesis is driven by a proton gradient formed in the mitochondria.

Sucrose hydrolysis by water results in glucose and fructose.

A

ATP hydrolysis drives lactose synthesis from glucose and galactose

ATP synthesis is driven by a proton gradient formed in the mitochondria

48
Q

How do enzymes recognize their substrates?

a binding site that complements the charge of the substrate

a binding site that fits the shape and complements the charge of the substrate

a binding site that fits the shape of the enzymatic product

an unstructured, negatively charged tail that recruits the substrate to the enzyme

A

A binding site that fits the shape and complements the charge of the substrate

49
Q

How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction?

by stressing a bond in a substrate that needs to be broken

by forming a temporary bond between the active site and the substrate

by using product molecules in the allosteric site to disable the active site

by producing conditions within the active site conducive to the reaction

A

By stressing a bond in a substrate that needs to be broken

by forming a temporary bond between the active site and the substrate

by producing conditions within the active site conducive to the reaction

50
Q

How do enzymes affect the activation energy of a reaction?

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction

51
Q

Which describes how cofactors and coenzymes affect the function of enzymes?

increase or decrease catalytic function

do not impact catalytic function

increase catalytic function

decrease catalytic function

A

increase catalytic function

52
Q

Where should the drug bind to allosterically inhibit the enzyme?

to the substrate of the enzyme

to a site on the enzyme other than the active site

to the active site of the enzyme

to the mRNA that encodes the enzyme

A

to a site on the enzyme other than the active site

53
Q

Penicillin is an enzyme‑inhibiting antibiotic that kills bacteria by suppressing the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. The bacterial cell wall is made of cross‑linked peptidoglycan, which is synthesized from peptidoglycan monomers by transpeptidase enzymes. How does penicillin suppress the synthesis of bacterial cell walls?

Penicillin binds to the cross‑linked peptidoglycan, preventing further bacterial cell wall growth.

Penicillin binds to the peptidoglycan monomers, preventing their conversion to cross‑linked peptidoglycan.

Penicillin binds to the transpeptidase enzymes, preventing the synthesis of cross‑linked peptidoglycan.

Penicillin signals the bacterial cell to stop producing the transpeptidase enzymes.

A

Penicillin binds to the transpeptidase enzymes, preventing the synthesis of cross-linked peptidoglycan

54
Q

Feedback inhibition is important for the regulation of many metabolic pathways. Which of the statements are examples of feedback inhibition?

An intermediate of glycolysis activates an enzyme downstream in the pathway.

Arsenic binds to pyruvate dehydrogenase and inhibits the enzyme.

The beginning of glycolysis is inhibited by high levels of ATP in the cell.

The production of isoleucine is halted by the presence of excess isoleucine.

The lac operon is not transcribed when there is no lactose present.

A

The beginning of glycolysis is inhibited by high levels of ATP in the cell

the production of isoleucine is halted by the presence of excess isoleucine

55
Q

The reaction rate slows because the temperature affects the function of the enzyme. Keeping in mind that enzymes are proteins, pick the best reason why enzyme function declines above a certain temperature.

Enzyme inhibitors are more active at higher temperatures.

Enzyme structure is distorted by heat, and it cannot bind substrate.

The hydrogen bonds between nucleotides are broken by heat.

The primary structure of the enzyme is disrupted by heat.

A

Enzyme structure is distorted by heat and it cannot bind substrate

BIOL 213 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions