chapter 9 Flashcards
what does nutrients around the world depend on (3 ways)
level of development
physical conditions
cultural preferences
the amount of food that an individual consumes
Dietary Energy Consumption
physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Food Security-
how much of the world dont have food secutrity
10%
what is the leading source of enegy in the wolrd
grain
what is developed coutnries source of protien
meat(beef, pork, poultry)
developing countries source of protien
cereal grains
is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
Undernourishment
resons for record high food prices (4)
poor weather, high demans, smaller growth in productivity, use of crops as biofuels (corn oil, etc.) instead of food
the deliberate modification of Earth’s surface by planting crops or raising animals to eat and sell
Agriculture
he process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Agricultural Revolution
how long ago did people start to use agricutlure
10,000
agriculture originated in multiple hearths around the world:
(5)
southwest asia - nile river vally and mesopotamis
eastasia- Huang he and Yellow RIver Valleys
central and south Asia
sub-saharan Africa
south and central america
the transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonization and trade
Columbian Exchange
the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family
Subsistence Agriculture-
the production of food primarily for sale off the farm
Commercial Agricultural-
one that is grown for sale,rather than for farmer;s own use
cash Crop
commercial from subsistence (differenced 3)
lower percentage of farmers in labor face
capital intensive
larger farm size
11 agricultural regions
intensive subsistence (wet rice)
intensive subsistence(non wet rice)
Pastoral nomadism
shifting cultivation
plantation
** developing countries above
mixed crop and livestock
dairy
commercial gardening
Mediterranean
livestock ranching
grain
*** developed countries above
obtaining two harvests per year from one field
Double Cropping-
what type of farming is in the developing world and has no land waisted, uses animals for work and not machines, rice is the dominant crop
intensie subsitence farming
wet rice vs non wet rice
wet rice:rice planted on dry land in nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth; little land
non wet rice: harsh winters, crop rotaiton
practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
Crop Rotation
what type of farming is a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift frequently from one field to another; tropical areas; uses slah and burn and frequent relocation
shifting cultivation
farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and bring the debris
Slash and Burn
farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted, and then leave it with nothing planted for many years so the soil can recover.
Frequent Relocation-
what type of farming is based on herding of domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible
pastoral nomadism
is seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
Transhumance
what type of farming is a large commercial farm in developing country that specializes in one or two crops., subtropic and tropics
Plantation
the capture of wild fish and other seafood lying in the waters
Fishing
the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
Aquaculture (Aquafarming)-
capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
Overfishing
the system of commercial farming found in developing countrie; is commonly used to refer to the 6 main types of commercial agriculture in developed countries, because the family farm is not an isolated activity but is integrated into a large food production industry; farm to table process
Agribusiness
the practice of growing the same single crop eerie year after year
Monocropping
what is the most important grain crop
wheat
what type of farming is in the developed world and crops are grown for human consumption, need large areas, consumer preferences oriented
grain
what type of farming in the developed world borders the sea, has crops for human consumption
mediteranean
the growing of fruits, vegie, and flowers
Horticulture
the predominant type of agriculture in the southeastern US
Commercial (or Market) Gardening and Fruit Farming-
what type of farming is in the developed word and has migrant workers, specialises in few crops in common, predomintnat in southeastern US, processes most of the food, in closest ring
commercial gardenign and fruit
what type of farming had integration of livestock and crops, Typically involves crop rotation, fraction of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil, most important crop is corn and soybeans
mixed crops and livestock
what type of farming in the developed world is on the inside ring, makes animal products, manufactures food
dairy
ring surrounding a city which milk can be supplied
Milkshed
what type of farming is on dry land with livestock
ranching
rings of the von Thunen model
1- gardens and milk:parishable
2- wood and tiber: heavy
3-pasture crop rotation
4- animal grazing:space
human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition
Desertification-
began in the UK in the 17th century, increased productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock
The Second Agricultural Revolution (industrial)
the invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s
Green Revolution-
what does the new techinques in the green revolution include
high-yeild seeds
fertilizers
a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology,
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)-
cons of GMO
Health problems
Export problems
Europeans don’t typically buy GMO foods
farming that depends on the use of natural prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones.
Organic Agriculture-
a method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff
Conservation Tillage-
a system of planting crops on ridge tops
Ridge Tillage
leaves all of the harvest untouched on the fields
No TIllage
challenges for farmers in developing coutries (4)
population growth with subsitence farming
international trade with subsitence farming
food prices
overproduction in commercial
reasons for high food prices
bad weather
higher demand
smaller increases in productivity
diversion of food for biofuels
war
inflation
are agricultural practices that preserve and enhance environmental quality
Sustainable agriculture-
three agricultural revolutions over the years
1- neolithic,invention of farming
2- 1750-`850- industrial revolution, machines
3- green revolutions, seeds and fertilizers
