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Human Geography > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

A

Development

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2
Q

what are the three contributions of development

A

long and healthy life, aquire knowledgment, access to resources

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3
Q

to determine the level of development of every country/ world’s societies (standard of living, healthy life, access to knowledge)

A

Human Development Index (HDI)-

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4
Q

how is standard of living measured

A

gross national income (GNI) and purchasing power parity (PPP)

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5
Q

the value of the output of goods and services in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

A

Gross National Income (GNI)

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6
Q

the valute of the output of goods and services in a country in a year (not including the money entering an leaving the country)

A

GPD (gross domestic product)

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7
Q

measures average wealth, not its distribution among citizens

A

per capita GNI

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8
Q

an adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.

A

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)-

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9
Q

GDP divided by the population

A

GPD per capita

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10
Q

different sectors of jobs

A

primary (agriculture), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary ( retail and education)

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11
Q

which countries are more productive

A

developed

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12
Q

the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

A

Productivity

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13
Q

knoweldge components are measured by (4)

A

years of schooling for today’s adults (25 or older)
expected years of schooling for today’s youth
pupil-to-teacher ratio
literary rate

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14
Q

what is the main health indicator

A

life expectancy at birth

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15
Q

what is wealth used for in developed countries

A

goods and services (transportation, computers, phones, cars)

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16
Q

Modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country.

A

Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IAHDI)
if IAHDI is lower than HDI then the country is unequal

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17
Q

in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations

A

World-systems theory- (wallerstien)

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18
Q

created by the UN, measures the gender gap in the level of achievement in three dimensions; reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market. (0 is equal 1 is unequal)

A

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

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19
Q

how is gender inequality measured (3)

A

amount of women in labor force, reprodutive rights, empowerment

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20
Q

how is empowermen measured

A

women in national legisture and women completed high school

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21
Q

what is the country where GII increased

A

US

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22
Q

gender inequality ______ with more development

A

increases

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23
Q

created by the UN, measures the gender gap in the level of achievements for the three dimension of the Human Development Index; income educations, and life expectancy

A

Gender Development Index (GDI)-

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24
Q

two obsitcals in encourarging development

A

Adopting policies that successfully promote and sustain development
Finding funds to pay for development

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25
Q

how does the world trade organization reduce trade barriers

A

Reduce restrictions( tariffs and quotas
Enforcement (violations)

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26
Q

cons of self-sufficiency

A

inefficent industries
lack of comperitiveness
corruption
black market

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27
Q

investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

A

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

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28
Q

in what type of countries is FDI distributed unevanly

A

developing

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29
Q

what are two major lenders to developing countries

A

International Monetary Fund (IMF) and world bank

30
Q

the provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks

A

Microfinance

31
Q

government spends more money than they collect in taxes during a downtown, people work to improve infrastructure until things are better and people pay more taxes and dept

A

stimulus stragegy

32
Q

reducing taxes in downtown so people can revive the economy by spending their tax savings, less money in government programs

A

austerity strategy

33
Q

contains economic “reforms” or “adjustments”, such as economic goals, strategies for achieving the objective, and financing requirement

A

Structural Adjustment Program

34
Q

international trade that provides greater equality to workers and small businesses in developing countries.

A

Fair Trade

35
Q

three standard of fair trade (esecially for developed countries)

A

producers
workers in farms and factories
consumers

36
Q

three different fossil fuels

A

coal, oil, natural gas

37
Q

what makes some energy better than others

A

supplies/ scarcity
cost
consequences (safety, pollution)

38
Q

the quantity of something that producers have available for sale

A

Supply

39
Q

the quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy

A

Demand

40
Q

where is energy consumption the greatest in

A

north america

41
Q

what are problems with abondance of reserves

A

wars, no will to change

42
Q

where is coal aboundant

A

US russia and china

43
Q

where is natural gas abundent

A

saudi arabia, russia, and US

44
Q

pros of fossil fuels

A

cheap, reliable, abundent, efficient

45
Q

where is coal used a lot in

A

the developing world

46
Q

a supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered

A

Proven reserves-

47
Q

which two fossil fuels are running out the fastest

A

natural gas and oil

48
Q

a supply of energy that is undiscovered but thought to exist.

A

Potential reserves

49
Q

cons of nuclear energy (fission)

A

dangerous and toxic waste products high cost

50
Q

where do countries that depend on nulcear energy cluster

A

europe

51
Q

cons of biomass

A

inefficiency, food in tank, enviromental concerns

52
Q

what is the leading source of renewable energy in both developed and developing regins

A

hydroelectric power

53
Q

who made the core-periphery model

A

Immanuel Wallerstein

54
Q

what is the core-periphery model

A

a model that shows how the countries above 30 degrees latitude are the “core” countries which are developed. below is the sei-periphery which is a boundary. and perifpher is the developing counties

55
Q

the percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home.

A

female Labor Force Participation Rate

56
Q

what is reproductive health based on (2)

A

adolecent fertility rate, maternal mortality rate,

57
Q

where does Money for infrastructure in developing countries can come from

A

loans

58
Q

which path to development is slow, requires protection, encourages domestic production of goods, has equal pay

A

self-sufficiency

59
Q

describe the international trade path to development

A

taps into world economy, open to internaltional trade, more popular path

60
Q

states that each country is in one of the five stages of development

A

Rostow’s international trade model

61
Q

what are the 5 stages in order of Rostow’s international trade model

A

traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeofff, drive to maturity, age of mass consumption

62
Q

describe traditional society stage

A

high number of people in primary jobs, money in the military, and no infrastructure

63
Q

describe preconditions for takeoff

A

investment in new technology and infrastruce, icreasing productivity, mostly people still in primary jobs

64
Q

describe takeoff stage

A

rapid growth in industries and techonological advances, reapid grown in secondary jobs

65
Q

describe drive to maturity

A

more skilled work and modern technology, skilled workers are brought in, rapidly growing number of people in teritaty sector

66
Q

describe age o mass consumption stage

A

shrift to consumer goods and from manufacturing, vast majority of people in tertiary sector

67
Q

what are cons of international trade

A

uneven resouce distributions, increase dependence on developed countries,market decline, people are left behind

68
Q

cons of self-sufficiency

A

protection of inefficient business, large bureaucracy, inefficient industries, lack of competitiveness, corruption, black market

69
Q

when was the international monetary fundation and the world bank created

A

after WWII

70
Q

what are challenges in developing countries with money

A

world bank and IMF fear granting money with fear of debts

71
Q

challenges with money in developed countiees

A

bad loans in housing which lead to housing decline in value,

Human Geography (13 decks)

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