chapter 10 Flashcards
the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
Development
what are the three contributions of development
long and healthy life, aquire knowledgment, access to resources
to determine the level of development of every country/ world’s societies (standard of living, healthy life, access to knowledge)
Human Development Index (HDI)-
how is standard of living measured
gross national income (GNI) and purchasing power parity (PPP)
the value of the output of goods and services in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country
Gross National Income (GNI)
the valute of the output of goods and services in a country in a year (not including the money entering an leaving the country)
GPD (gross domestic product)
measures average wealth, not its distribution among citizens
per capita GNI
an adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)-
GDP divided by the population
GPD per capita
different sectors of jobs
primary (agriculture), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary ( retail and education)
which countries are more productive
developed
the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
Productivity
knoweldge components are measured by (4)
years of schooling for today’s adults (25 or older)
expected years of schooling for today’s youth
pupil-to-teacher ratio
literary rate
what is the main health indicator
life expectancy at birth
what is wealth used for in developed countries
goods and services (transportation, computers, phones, cars)
Modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country.
Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IAHDI)
if IAHDI is lower than HDI then the country is unequal
in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations
World-systems theory- (wallerstien)
created by the UN, measures the gender gap in the level of achievement in three dimensions; reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market. (0 is equal 1 is unequal)
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
how is gender inequality measured (3)
amount of women in labor force, reprodutive rights, empowerment
how is empowermen measured
women in national legisture and women completed high school
what is the country where GII increased
US
gender inequality ______ with more development
increases
created by the UN, measures the gender gap in the level of achievements for the three dimension of the Human Development Index; income educations, and life expectancy
Gender Development Index (GDI)-
two obsitcals in encourarging development
Adopting policies that successfully promote and sustain development
Finding funds to pay for development
how does the world trade organization reduce trade barriers
Reduce restrictions( tariffs and quotas
Enforcement (violations)
cons of self-sufficiency
inefficent industries
lack of comperitiveness
corruption
black market
investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
in what type of countries is FDI distributed unevanly
developing
what are two major lenders to developing countries
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and world bank
the provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks
Microfinance
government spends more money than they collect in taxes during a downtown, people work to improve infrastructure until things are better and people pay more taxes and dept
stimulus stragegy
reducing taxes in downtown so people can revive the economy by spending their tax savings, less money in government programs
austerity strategy
contains economic “reforms” or “adjustments”, such as economic goals, strategies for achieving the objective, and financing requirement
Structural Adjustment Program
international trade that provides greater equality to workers and small businesses in developing countries.
Fair Trade
three standard of fair trade (esecially for developed countries)
producers
workers in farms and factories
consumers
three different fossil fuels
coal, oil, natural gas
what makes some energy better than others
supplies/ scarcity
cost
consequences (safety, pollution)
the quantity of something that producers have available for sale
Supply
the quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy
Demand
where is energy consumption the greatest in
north america
what are problems with abondance of reserves
wars, no will to change
where is coal aboundant
US russia and china
where is natural gas abundent
saudi arabia, russia, and US
pros of fossil fuels
cheap, reliable, abundent, efficient
where is coal used a lot in
the developing world
a supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered
Proven reserves-
which two fossil fuels are running out the fastest
natural gas and oil
a supply of energy that is undiscovered but thought to exist.
Potential reserves
cons of nuclear energy (fission)
dangerous and toxic waste products high cost
where do countries that depend on nulcear energy cluster
europe
cons of biomass
inefficiency, food in tank, enviromental concerns
what is the leading source of renewable energy in both developed and developing regins
hydroelectric power
who made the core-periphery model
Immanuel Wallerstein
what is the core-periphery model
a model that shows how the countries above 30 degrees latitude are the “core” countries which are developed. below is the sei-periphery which is a boundary. and perifpher is the developing counties
the percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home.
female Labor Force Participation Rate
what is reproductive health based on (2)
adolecent fertility rate, maternal mortality rate,
where does Money for infrastructure in developing countries can come from
loans
which path to development is slow, requires protection, encourages domestic production of goods, has equal pay
self-sufficiency
describe the international trade path to development
taps into world economy, open to internaltional trade, more popular path
states that each country is in one of the five stages of development
Rostow’s international trade model
what are the 5 stages in order of Rostow’s international trade model
traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeofff, drive to maturity, age of mass consumption
describe traditional society stage
high number of people in primary jobs, money in the military, and no infrastructure
describe preconditions for takeoff
investment in new technology and infrastruce, icreasing productivity, mostly people still in primary jobs
describe takeoff stage
rapid growth in industries and techonological advances, reapid grown in secondary jobs
describe drive to maturity
more skilled work and modern technology, skilled workers are brought in, rapidly growing number of people in teritaty sector
describe age o mass consumption stage
shrift to consumer goods and from manufacturing, vast majority of people in tertiary sector
what are cons of international trade
uneven resouce distributions, increase dependence on developed countries,market decline, people are left behind
cons of self-sufficiency
protection of inefficient business, large bureaucracy, inefficient industries, lack of competitiveness, corruption, black market
when was the international monetary fundation and the world bank created
after WWII
what are challenges in developing countries with money
world bank and IMF fear granting money with fear of debts
challenges with money in developed countiees
bad loans in housing which lead to housing decline in value,
