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Human Geography > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of who gets what,when, and how.

A

Politics

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2
Q

deals with the way humans have claimed control and authority over certain areas of the earth and how those areas are governed.

A

Political Geography

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3
Q

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs.

A

State

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4
Q

Atributes of states

A

have boundaries
have permanent populations
are sovern

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5
Q

largest state

A

Russia

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6
Q

six largest states

A

Russia, Canada, US, CHina, Brazil, and Australia

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7
Q

states with very small land areas.

A

Microstate

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8
Q

what are most microstates

A

islands

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9
Q

independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.

A

Sovereignty

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10
Q

was created at the end of World War II (COld War Era) to facilitate world peace by helping countries resolve problems diplomatically.

A

The United Nations

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11
Q

Three occasions UN Membership increased rapidly

A

1955: 16 mostly european countries joined as a result of the Nazi Germany breakup
1960: 17 mostly former African colonies joined
1990-1993: 26 countries joined as a result of Soviet Union and Yugoslavia breakup

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12
Q

What is the sovernity conflict in Korea

A

-Split into northern and southern after war (1950-1953)
-North is pro-communist
-South is pro-US government
-North korea and south korea are two vastly different places politically, but ethically they are virtually identical

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13
Q

what is the sovereignty problem in Westen Shara/ saheaqi republic

A

-Morocco claims the West-Sahara territory, but most africans countries consider it as a sovereign state
-Built a wall around western sahara to keep rebels out
-Most African countries considered Western Sahara as a sovereign state

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14
Q

what is the sovereignty problem in China and Taiwan

A

–China had nationalists, but it didn’t work out so nationalists moved to Taiwan, and Communists took over China
-Most other countries consider china and Taiwan as separate sovereign states, China (People’s Republic of China) thinks Taiwan (Republic of China) is not sovereign but a part of China
-The US like Taiwan because they are a nationalist democracy

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15
Q

Where did the first development of states occur

A

in southwest asia at the Fertile Crescent which which separated the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea

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16
Q

a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside

A

City-State

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17
Q

what happens when a city-state gains military dominance

A

it becomes an empire

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18
Q

when did political untiy in the ancient world reach its height

A

the roman empire

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19
Q

When an empire collapse…

A

the city-states return but may be larger (nation state)

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20
Q

what do city-states and empires have in common

A

they are homogenous

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21
Q

a large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics

A

Nation

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22
Q

what are the commpn cultural characteristics of a nation

A

language
ethnicity
history

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23
Q

a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation.

A

Nation-State

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24
Q

the concept that nations (or ethnicities) have the right to govern themselves

A

Self-deteminatination

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25
Q

where did self-determination start

A

Europe after WWI

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26
Q

a country that contains more than one ethnicity with a goal of self-determination
contains more than one nation
unstable

A

Multinational State

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27
Q

new states in the former Soviet union are a collection of…

A

nation-states and multinational states

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28
Q

world’s largest multinational state

A

Russia

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29
Q

a state that contains more than one ethnicity.
stable

A

multi-Ethnic State

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30
Q

a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.

A

Colonies

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31
Q

Sometimes the sovereign state controls the colony’s…

A

military, foreign policy, and/or internal affairs.

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32
Q

an effort by one county to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political,economic, and cultural principles on that territory.

A

Colonialism

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33
Q

Europeans made colonies because (3)…

A

-“god”-To promote christianity
-“gold”To extract useful resources and to serve as captive markets for their products
-“Glory” To establish relative power through he number of colonies claimed

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34
Q

condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances

A

Balance of Power

35
Q

The UN addresses …

A

global economic problems, promote human rights. provide humanitarian relief, and vote on other issues.

36
Q

a country in which citizens elect leader and can run for office

A

Democracy

37
Q

a country that is run according to the interest of the ruler rather than the people

A

Autocracy

38
Q

A country that is not fully democratic of fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types

A

Anocracy

39
Q

Most of countries have become democratic for these reasons (3)

A

-The monarchs were becoming irrelevant compared to the elected, and it broaden individual rights and liberties
-People lost their rights and their ability to make decisions
-Diffusion

40
Q

most power is placed in the hands of central government officials.

A

Unitary State

41
Q

whrre does untiary state work best

A

there is national unity, nationalism, a nation-state with few cultural differences

42
Q

strong power is allocated to units of local government.

A

Federal State

43
Q

a combination of fairness of the legal system, youth unemployment extent, level of violence. Freedom to express diverse political views

A

State Fragility

44
Q

How is State Fragility measured

A

the fragile State Index

45
Q

a nuclear, biological, chemical, or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures, natural structures, or the biosphere.

A

Weapon of Mass Destruction

46
Q

-A military alliance among 16 democratic states in Europe, plus the US and Canada
-Mostly wants to prevent the Soviet Union from overrunning west germany and other smaller countries

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

47
Q

A military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries.

A

The Warsaw Pact

48
Q

three elements democracies and autocracies differ

A

selection of leaders
citizen participation
checks and balances

49
Q

how do democracies select leaders

A

have institutions and procedures through which citizens can express effective preferences about alternative olives and leaders

50
Q

how do autocracies select leaders

A

leaders who are selected according to clearly defined (usually hereditary) rules of succession from within the political elite

51
Q

how do democracies and autocracies have citizens participation differences

A

-Democracies have institutionalized constraints on the exercise of power by the executive
-Autocracies have citizens’ participation restricted or suppressed

52
Q

how do democracies and autocracies differ in checks and balances

A

-Democracies guarantee civil liberties to all citizens
-Autocracies have leaders who exercise power with no meaningful check from legislative, judicial, or civil society institutions

53
Q

government institutions have broken down due to natural disasters, extreme poverty, or civil war

A

Failed States

54
Q

no government, at all. absence of government and absolute freedom of the individual, regarded as a political ideal. communism.

A

Anarchy

55
Q

the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation.

A

Terrosim

56
Q

terrorism act

A

intentional
violent
aimed at attaining political economic religious or social goal
send a message
not count if it is one state against another

57
Q

who was responsible for 9/11

A

Al-Qaeda

58
Q

a zone where no state exercises complete political control
separated sates in the past
measurable
sparsely settled

A

Frontier

59
Q

an invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory

A

Boundary

60
Q

three types of boundaries are

A

cultural, geometic , physical

61
Q

follow the distribution of cultural features
boundaries between two states of different languages, religions, or ethnicities.

A

Cultural boundaries

62
Q

another boundary that is a cultural boundray

A

Ethnic boundaries

63
Q

coincides with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religions

A

Ethnic boundaries

64
Q

based on human constructs, such as straight line and parallels of latitude

A

Geometric boundaries

65
Q

coincide with significant features of the natural landscape

A

Physical boundaries

66
Q

zones in the law of the sea

A

territorial waters(laws on ship regulations)
contiguous (laws on pollution, taxation, customs, immigration)
exclusive( fishing)

67
Q

what does a state’s shape affect

A

identify, internal administration, unity, communication, conflicts with other states

68
Q

five basic state shapes

A

compact, elongated, prorupted, perforated, fragmented

69
Q

are efficient, distance from center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly

A

Compact states

70
Q

potential isolation; long and narrow shape, may suffer from poor internal communications

A

elongated States

71
Q

access or disruption; a compact state with a large projection, proruptions created for two principal reasons

A

Prorupted States

72
Q

two principal reasons proruptions are made

A

Provide a state with access to a resource such as water
Separate two that other would share a boundary

73
Q

a state that completely surrounds another state, encompasses state is dependent on the surrounds state for interactions beyond its boundary

A

Perforated States

74
Q

problematics, a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

A

Fragmented States

75
Q

lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries.

A

landlocked State-

76
Q

where are landlocked states prevelant

A

africa

77
Q

what type of state is best for a fedral state government

A

multi-ethnic

78
Q

redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power

A

Gerrymandering

79
Q

what are the two forms of gerrymandering

A

cracking and packing

80
Q

like minded voters are spread across several districts to prevent them from reaching a majority in any of them, the wasting their votes

A

Cracking

81
Q

what party mostly does cracking

A

republicans

82
Q

like-minded voters are stacked in one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts.

A

Packing

83
Q

what type of party does packing

A

democrats

84
Q

who redraws boundaries

A

state legislature

Human Geography (13 decks)

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