chapter 8 Flashcards
the study of who gets what,when, and how.
Politics
deals with the way humans have claimed control and authority over certain areas of the earth and how those areas are governed.
Political Geography
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs.
State
Atributes of states
have boundaries
have permanent populations
are sovern
largest state
Russia
six largest states
Russia, Canada, US, CHina, Brazil, and Australia
states with very small land areas.
Microstate
what are most microstates
islands
independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.
Sovereignty
was created at the end of World War II (COld War Era) to facilitate world peace by helping countries resolve problems diplomatically.
The United Nations
Three occasions UN Membership increased rapidly
1955: 16 mostly european countries joined as a result of the Nazi Germany breakup
1960: 17 mostly former African colonies joined
1990-1993: 26 countries joined as a result of Soviet Union and Yugoslavia breakup
What is the sovernity conflict in Korea
-Split into northern and southern after war (1950-1953)
-North is pro-communist
-South is pro-US government
-North korea and south korea are two vastly different places politically, but ethically they are virtually identical
what is the sovereignty problem in Westen Shara/ saheaqi republic
-Morocco claims the West-Sahara territory, but most africans countries consider it as a sovereign state
-Built a wall around western sahara to keep rebels out
-Most African countries considered Western Sahara as a sovereign state
what is the sovereignty problem in China and Taiwan
–China had nationalists, but it didn’t work out so nationalists moved to Taiwan, and Communists took over China
-Most other countries consider china and Taiwan as separate sovereign states, China (People’s Republic of China) thinks Taiwan (Republic of China) is not sovereign but a part of China
-The US like Taiwan because they are a nationalist democracy
Where did the first development of states occur
in southwest asia at the Fertile Crescent which which separated the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea
a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
City-State
what happens when a city-state gains military dominance
it becomes an empire
when did political untiy in the ancient world reach its height
the roman empire
When an empire collapse…
the city-states return but may be larger (nation state)
what do city-states and empires have in common
they are homogenous
a large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics
Nation
what are the commpn cultural characteristics of a nation
language
ethnicity
history
a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation.
Nation-State
the concept that nations (or ethnicities) have the right to govern themselves
Self-deteminatination
where did self-determination start
Europe after WWI
a country that contains more than one ethnicity with a goal of self-determination
contains more than one nation
unstable
Multinational State
new states in the former Soviet union are a collection of…
nation-states and multinational states
world’s largest multinational state
Russia
a state that contains more than one ethnicity.
stable
multi-Ethnic State
a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.
Colonies
Sometimes the sovereign state controls the colony’s…
military, foreign policy, and/or internal affairs.
an effort by one county to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political,economic, and cultural principles on that territory.
Colonialism
Europeans made colonies because (3)…
-“god”-To promote christianity
-“gold”To extract useful resources and to serve as captive markets for their products
-“Glory” To establish relative power through he number of colonies claimed
condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
Balance of Power
The UN addresses …
global economic problems, promote human rights. provide humanitarian relief, and vote on other issues.
a country in which citizens elect leader and can run for office
Democracy
a country that is run according to the interest of the ruler rather than the people
Autocracy
A country that is not fully democratic of fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types
Anocracy
Most of countries have become democratic for these reasons (3)
-The monarchs were becoming irrelevant compared to the elected, and it broaden individual rights and liberties
-People lost their rights and their ability to make decisions
-Diffusion
most power is placed in the hands of central government officials.
Unitary State
whrre does untiary state work best
there is national unity, nationalism, a nation-state with few cultural differences
strong power is allocated to units of local government.
Federal State
a combination of fairness of the legal system, youth unemployment extent, level of violence. Freedom to express diverse political views
State Fragility
How is State Fragility measured
the fragile State Index
a nuclear, biological, chemical, or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures, natural structures, or the biosphere.
Weapon of Mass Destruction
-A military alliance among 16 democratic states in Europe, plus the US and Canada
-Mostly wants to prevent the Soviet Union from overrunning west germany and other smaller countries
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
A military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries.
The Warsaw Pact
three elements democracies and autocracies differ
selection of leaders
citizen participation
checks and balances
how do democracies select leaders
have institutions and procedures through which citizens can express effective preferences about alternative olives and leaders
how do autocracies select leaders
leaders who are selected according to clearly defined (usually hereditary) rules of succession from within the political elite
how do democracies and autocracies have citizens participation differences
-Democracies have institutionalized constraints on the exercise of power by the executive
-Autocracies have citizens’ participation restricted or suppressed
how do democracies and autocracies differ in checks and balances
-Democracies guarantee civil liberties to all citizens
-Autocracies have leaders who exercise power with no meaningful check from legislative, judicial, or civil society institutions
government institutions have broken down due to natural disasters, extreme poverty, or civil war
Failed States
no government, at all. absence of government and absolute freedom of the individual, regarded as a political ideal. communism.
Anarchy
the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation.
Terrosim
terrorism act
intentional
violent
aimed at attaining political economic religious or social goal
send a message
not count if it is one state against another
who was responsible for 9/11
Al-Qaeda
a zone where no state exercises complete political control
separated sates in the past
measurable
sparsely settled
Frontier
an invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory
Boundary
three types of boundaries are
cultural, geometic , physical
follow the distribution of cultural features
boundaries between two states of different languages, religions, or ethnicities.
Cultural boundaries
another boundary that is a cultural boundray
Ethnic boundaries
coincides with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religions
Ethnic boundaries
based on human constructs, such as straight line and parallels of latitude
Geometric boundaries
coincide with significant features of the natural landscape
Physical boundaries
zones in the law of the sea
territorial waters(laws on ship regulations)
contiguous (laws on pollution, taxation, customs, immigration)
exclusive( fishing)
what does a state’s shape affect
identify, internal administration, unity, communication, conflicts with other states
five basic state shapes
compact, elongated, prorupted, perforated, fragmented
are efficient, distance from center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly
Compact states
potential isolation; long and narrow shape, may suffer from poor internal communications
elongated States
access or disruption; a compact state with a large projection, proruptions created for two principal reasons
Prorupted States
two principal reasons proruptions are made
Provide a state with access to a resource such as water
Separate two that other would share a boundary
a state that completely surrounds another state, encompasses state is dependent on the surrounds state for interactions beyond its boundary
Perforated States
problematics, a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Fragmented States
lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries.
landlocked State-
where are landlocked states prevelant
africa
what type of state is best for a fedral state government
multi-ethnic
redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power
Gerrymandering
what are the two forms of gerrymandering
cracking and packing
like minded voters are spread across several districts to prevent them from reaching a majority in any of them, the wasting their votes
Cracking
what party mostly does cracking
republicans
like-minded voters are stacked in one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts.
Packing
what type of party does packing
democrats
who redraws boundaries
state legislature
