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World History > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the “White Man’s Burden”?

A

a poem by Rudyard Kipling
idea that Westerners had a “duty” to better other parts of the world by spreading Western culture

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2
Q

motives driving the new imperialism?

A

economic interests
political interests (prestige)
military interests (bases)
humanitarian and religious interests
Social Darwinism

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3
Q

what were the arguments of the anti-imperialists?

A

Imperialism was a tool for the rich
It was immoral
Pointed out that the Western powers encouraged greater democracy in their own countries, but where forcing undemocratic rule on other ppl

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4
Q

What is a colony?

A

foreign power controls the land

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5
Q

what is a protectorate and what were some of its benefits?

A

the rulers were left in place, but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors

Cost less than a colony
Did not require as much military force as colony

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6
Q

what is a sphere of influence?

A

an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges

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7
Q

what is direct rule in a colony?

A

sent officials directly from the country to the colony to supervise
French did this
Goal was to impose their culture on the colonies

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8
Q

what is indirect rule in a colony?

A

Britain did this
Encouraged the children of the local ruling class to pursue education in Britain to westernize them
This westernized generation would spread British culture and would control ruling the colonies for the British
They could still impose military force if control over the colony was threatened

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9
Q

What was North Africa like?

A

Used to be part of Muslim world before 1800
Still some of it belonged to the Ottoman Empire in the early 1800s

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10
Q

What was Western Africa like?

A

Islamic revival spread across Western Africa

Strong states like the Asante had risen
- They traded with Europeans and Muslims
- Controlled many smaller states
- These states were ready to turn to any who might
help them defeat their rulers

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11
Q

What was East Africa like?

A

Islamic influence
Many profitable port cities

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12
Q

Southern Africa?

A

Zulus were a major force and they were lead by Shaka
Zulus faced a major threat from the Boers and this conflict would continue for years

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13
Q

who was Shaka and what did he do?

A

Zulu leader
Waged ruthless wars
Encouraged rival groups to forget their differences and fostered great pride in the Zulu kingdom
This also caused chaos as ppl were dislodged from their kingdoms and had to migrate and conquer other places to set up new kingdoms

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14
Q

Who were the Boers?

A

descendants of Dutch farmers who were migrating north from the Cape Colony
They migrated from Cape Colony when the British took over
Didn’t like British laws like abolishing slavery bc it interfered with their way of life

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15
Q

order of african colonization

A

explorers
missionaries
king leopold II
Berlin Conference

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16
Q

Mungo Park?

A

explorer

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17
Q

Richard Burton?

A

explorer

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18
Q

Dr. Livingstone?

A

Explorer
Met Africans with more sympathy than bias
Opposed slave trade
- He thought the best way to end this was to open up
the interior of Africa to Christianity and trade

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19
Q

Henry Stanley?

A

inspired by Livingstone
Journalist who tracked down Livingstone in Tanzania
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume

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20
Q

King Leopold II?

A

Belgian king
Hired Stanley to explore Congo and arrange treaties
Colonized Congo

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21
Q

Berlin Conference?

A

Leopold’s success in Congo set off frenzy for colonizing Africa
Berlin Conference was held with European leaders so they could divvy up Africa without starting wars against each other

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22
Q

What was the Boer War?

A

Britain clashed with the Boers

United the Cape Colony and the former Boer republics into the Union of South Africa
- New constitution set up government run by whites
and racial segregation

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23
Q

Which countries colonized Africa?

A

Britain
France
Belgium
Portugal
Italy
German empire

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24
Q

Samori Touré

A

Algerian
fought French forces in West Africa

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25
Q

Yaa Asantewaa

A

From the Asante kingdom
When their king was exiled, their queen Yaa Asantewaa fought against the British

26
Q

Nehanda

A

From Shona
female military leader
was captured and executed but she still inspired many in future generations

27
Q

Which African countries were not colonized?

A

Ethiopia
Liberia

28
Q

Why did Ethiopia survive colonization?

A

Menelik II modernized his country
When the Italians invaded, Ethiopia survived

29
Q

What were the three Muslim empires that were in decline?

A

Ottomans
Mughals
Safavids (persia)

30
Q

What di Muhammad Ahmad do?

A

from Sudan
claimed that he was the Mahdi
He and his followers resisted British expansion in their area

31
Q

What was the Wahhabi movement?

A

emerged in Arabia
Rejected the Ottomans’ schools of theology and law
Wanted to recapture the purity and simplicity of Muhammad’s (pbuh) original teachings
Revolt was put down

32
Q

How did Europeans seek to divvy up the Ottoman empire?

A

France took Algeria
Russia and Britain wanted control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles
- Control of these straits would give Russians access to
the Mediterranean Sea, which the British perceived as
a threat to their own interests

33
Q

Young Turks?

A

They were a liberal movement that wanted reforms
They overthrew the sultan, but World War I happened so they couldn’t enact any reforms

34
Q

What led to the Armenian Genocide?

A

Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman empire
When the Armenians protested against Ottoman policies, the Armenian genocide happened

35
Q

Who was Muhammad Ali?

A

He was a soldier who was appointed governor of Egypt by the Ottomans
Conquered neighboring Arabia, Syria, and Sudan
He introduced reforms and set Egypt on the path to becoming a major Middle Eastern power before he died

36
Q

What did Ferdinand de Lesseps do?

A

He organized a company to build the Suez Canal

37
Q

What were the consequences of the Suez Canal?

A

Europeans powers gained power over the Ottomans by extending loans at high interest rates
To pay off their debts, they eventually had to sell their shares of the canal to the British
Egypt then became a British protectorate even though it was technically under the Ottoman government

38
Q

Explain the role of European powers in Persia

A

Russia and Britain set up spheres of influence in Persia
- Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and
expand into Central Asia
- Britain wanted to protect its interests in India

The discovery of oil heightened interest in Persia
- Russia and Britain wanted concessions
- They sent in troops to protect their interests

39
Q

what are concessions?

A

[special rights given to foreign powers]

40
Q

What was the sati?

A

custom practiced mainly by the upper class that called for the widow to join her husband in death by burning in his funeral fire

British got rid of it

41
Q

What things did the British do that caused discontent?

A

East India Company required sepoys [Indian soldiers in their service] to serve anywhere, whether it be in India or overseas
For high-caste Hindus, overseas travel was an offense against their religion

They passed a law allowing Hindu widows to remarry
Viewed as yet another religious offense

When the British deployed new rifles, they instructed the sepoys to bite off the tips of cartridges before loading them into the rifles
The rifles were greased with animal fat, so Hindus and Muslims refused to do so
They were then imprisoned as a result

42
Q

What was the Sepoy Rebellion and what consequences resulted from this?

A

The Sepoy Rebellion say several sepoys marching off to Delhi, where they hailed the last Mughal ruler as their leader
In some places, the sepoys brutally massacred British

The British crushed the revolt and took revenge
Parliament ended the East India Company and placed India directly under the British crown

43
Q

What caused famines in India after colonization?

A

Medical improvements and farming improvements caused the population to grow
This lead to famine as farmland was used for cash crops instead of food

44
Q

What did Ram Mohun Roy do?

A

Founded Hindu College in Calcutta, which provided English-style education to Indians
Condemned caste distinctions, child marriage, sati, and purdah

45
Q

What was the Indian National Congress?

A

A class of Western-educated Indians emerged who wanted to end imperial rule in India
Nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress, which was called the Congress party
Believed in peaceful protest
Looked forward to eventual self-rule and greater democracy

46
Q

What was the Muslim League?

A

The Muslims in the Indian National Congress split off and formed a separate Muslim state.

47
Q

What led to the First Opium War?

A

Before the 1800s had strict trade laws that gave them a favorable of trade
Then, British started exporting opium to China in exchange for silver, disrupting the economy
Chinese government outlawed opium and called on the British to stop the opium trade, leading to the First Opium War
Chinese lost due to the British having superior weaponry

48
Q

What was the Treaty of Nanjing and what were its terms?

A

after the First Opium War

Britain received huge indemnity from China
They also got Hong Kong
Five ports open to foreign trade
British citizens were granted extraterritoriality in China

49
Q

Who fought against China in the Second Opium War?

A

British, French, Russians, and Americans

50
Q

Why were peasants not pleased with the Qing dynasty?

A

Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to flooding
Population explosion lead to hardships
Corruption and tax evasion and luxurious spendings from the rich

51
Q

What happened in the Taiping Rebellion?

A

Led by Hong Xiuquan
led to millions of Chineses deaths
Taiping rebels controlled China for 14 years
With some help, the government crushed the rebellion
The Qing government had to share power with regional commanders

52
Q

Why did scholar-officials disapprove of Western ways?

A

Scholar-officials disapproved of Western missionaries whose emphasis on individual choice challenged the Confucian order
Western technology was also viewed as a threat bc it threatened Confucian ways

53
Q

What happened under the self-strengthening movement?

A

Imported Western technology
Developed industrial stuff
Translated Western works

Government was not really behind the movement, so limited progress

54
Q

order of Chinese imperialism

A

First Opium War
Treaty of Nanjing
Second Opium War
Taiping Rebellion
Self-Strengthening Movement
Sino-Japanese War
Open Door Policy
100 days of reform
Ci Xi
Boxer Uprising
constitutional monarchy to strengthen Chinese government
Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
3 principles of the ppl

55
Q

Sino-Japanese War?

A

Japan had already begun to modernize, so Japanese pressure on China led to the Sino-Japanese War
Japan won
Japan gained control of Taiwan

56
Q

What was the Open Door Policy and what led to it?

A

policy that kept Chinese trade open to all on an equal basis

British, French, and Germans carved out spheres of influence
US didn’t take part in the carving bc they feared European powers
So, they called for the Open Door Policy

57
Q

100 days of reform?

A

Chinese reformers blamed conservatives for their defeats
Young emperor Guang Xu launched the 100 days of reform
Conservatives soon rallied against this effort
They imprisoned the emperor, leaving the old empress Ci Xi to rule

58
Q

What was the Boxer Uprising and its consequences?

A

A secret Chinese group had formed: Righteous Harmonious Fists (the Boxers)
Their goal was to drive out foreign influence
Boxers attacked foreigners across China
Multinational group countered the Boxers

China had to make concessions to foreigners again
Conservatives finally moved for reform

59
Q

Did Empress Ci Xi support the Boxer Uprising?

A

Empress Ci Xi initially supported the Boxers, but after their defeat, she withdrew support

60
Q

How did Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) rise to power?

A

When Ci Xi died, a two year old was left to inherit the throne
The Qing dynasty was toppled and Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic
Organized the Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China on the “Three Principles of the People”

61
Q

What where the 3 principles of the ppl?

A

Nationalism; free China from foreign domination
Democracy
Economic security

World History (15 decks)

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