Chapter 12 Flashcards
Mexico timeline
Porfiro Díaz
Francisco Madero
Venustiana Carranza
Constitution of 1917
PRI
President Lázaro Cárdenas
nationalism
Good Neighbor Policy
Porfiro Díaz
Dictator who had been reelected over and over again before revolution
discontent in his rule:
Urban middle class wanted democracy and the elite power held by foreign companies
Most peasants worked on haciendas
haciendas
large plantations controlled by the landowning elite
Francisco Madero
liberal reformer from an elite family
demanded free elections, causing Díaz to step down
Venustiana Carranza
elected after Diaz
approved Constitution of 1917
Constitution of 1917
Addressed three major issues: land, religion, and labor
PRI
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Carranza was overthrown and gov organized PRI
PRI accommodated many groups by adopting some of their goals while keeping real power in the hands of the PRI
Suppressed opposition
Kept stability in Mexico until the free election of 2000
implemented reforms listed in Constitution of 1917
President Lázaro Cárdenas
land was distributed to peasants under a communal land program; decreed Mexico would nationalize oil companies
how did WWI impact Mexican economy?
Trade with Europe went down after WWI
Great Depression
At the same time, the cost of imported consumer goods rose
drove economic nationalism [emphasis on home control of economy]
Good Neighbor Policy?
Franklin Roosevelt decreed it
US pledged to lessen American interference
Lifted the Platt Amendment (CUba)
African timeline
loose racial segregation
apartheid
ANC
Marcus Garvey
W.E.B. DuBois
Pan-African Congress
négritude movement
Léopold Senghor
Egypt timeline
After WWI, Britain was forced to grant independence to Egypt, but controlled the monarchy
Muslim Brotherhood [Egyptian organization] fostered Islamic nationalism, rejected Western culture, and denounced corruption in gov
Turkey timeline
Treaty of Sèvres
Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk
Treaty of Sèvres
Ottoman sultan signed Treaty of Sèvres
Lost Arab, North African, and some Asia Minor lands
Mustafa Kemal
Greeks landed in Smyrna/Izmir. Mustafa Kemal led Turkish nationalists to defeat the Greeks and declare Turkey a republic
Kemal negotiated a new treaty:
Many Greeks had to leave Turkey; few Turks had to leave Greece
Kemal declared himself Atatürk
Atatürk industrialized Turkey, ruled with an iron fist, and rejected Islam in gov
Persia timeline
Ataturk inspired Persian nationalists
Persian nationalists resented British and Russians, who had set up spheres of influence over Persia
Reza Khan
Ataturk means
father of the Turks
Reza Khan
army officer who overthrew the shah and became new shah
Modernized Persia and rejected Islam in gov
Reza Khan persuaded the British to give Persia a larger share in Persia’s oil industry
Why did the Arabs feel betrayed at the Paris Peace Conference?
Arabs aided the Allies, yet European-controlled mandates made Arabs feel betrayed
Theodor Herzel
founded the modern Zionist movement
Balfour Declaration
promised Zionist state in Palestine, but noted that Arabs in Palestines were not to be prejudiced against
What conflicting promises did the Allies make to Arabs and Jews?
Promised Arabs a kingdom in former Ottoman lands, including Palestine
British issued Balfour Declaration
India timeline
Amritsar massacre
Indian National Congress
Gandhi
boycott, spinning wheel
The Salt March
Steps Toward Freedom
Amritsar massacre
convinced many Indians to seek self-rule
Peaceful crowd gathered for a public meeting and General Reginald Dyer ordered open fire on the crowd
Why was Indian National Congress having a hard time before Gandhi?
Most members were middle-class, Western-educated; they had little in common with Indian peasants
Gandhi united Indians across class lines
Gandhi’s ideologies
Preached ancient doctrine of ahimsa [nonviolence and reverence]
Believed in Henry David Thoreau’s ideas on civil disobedience [refusal to obey unjust laws]
Admired Christian teachings on love
Influenced by nationalism and democracy
Wanted equal rights for all (men and women and untouchables [members of the lowest caste])
How did the boycott work for Indian independence?
Called for boycott of British goods, restoring pride in India’s traditional industries
Made spinning wheel a symbol of their movement
Salt March
British gov required Indians to only buy salt sold by British monopoly
In Salt March, Gandhi marched to sea and picked up a lump of salt with other marchers
He was promptly jailed, but Indians started collecting and selling salt, leading to arrests of tens of thousands of Indians
Steps Toward Freedom
Newspapers worldwide criticized British brutality until Britain was forced to hand over power
China timeline
Sun Yixian
Yuan Shikai
Warlord Problem and Foreign Imperialism
Twenty-One Demands
May Fourth Movement
Guomindang
Jiang Jieshi / Chiang Kai-Shek
Northern Expedition
Mao Zedong
Red bandits
Long March
Japanese Invasion
Yuan Shikai
Sun Yixian stepped down for Yuan Shikai
Yuan tried to set up a new dynasty, but the military didn’t support, dividing the nation
Yuan died, leading to greater confusion
What was the warlord problem?
Yuan left a power struggle behind with warlords fighting for control
What was the foreign imperialism problem in China?
Foreign influence increased during chaos
Japan forced Yuan to agree to the Twenty-One Demands
At Paris Peace Conference, Japan was given control over former German possessions in China, infuriating Chinese nationalists and sparking May 4
May Fourth Movement
goal was to strengthen China
Student protests began in Beijing for science and democracy
Reformers rejected Confucian traditions and increased Western influence (like Meiji Japan)
Women played a key role in May Fourth Movement and protests, leading to greater opportunities
Who formed the Guomindang?
Sun Yixian formed the Guomindang and accepted aid from Soviet Union and the Chinese Communists
Guomindang
Chinese nationalist party
What did Jiang Jieshi do?
succeeded Sun Yixian in the Guomindang
Wanted to unite the warlords, but had little interest in democracy or communism
Northern Expedition
Long March + other extermination campaigns
Northern Expedition
Jiang Jieshi began Northern Expedition with Chinese Communists, but went on to control a gov led by Guomindang without the Communists
Massacred Communists, sparking a civil war
Mao Zedong
Communist who believed they should seek support from large peasant masses
He and the Communists redistributed land to peasants and promised reforms
Red bandits
communists in china
Long March
retreat of Communists
Communists set up in northern China and followed strict rules to make the forces welcome among the peasants, who had suffered at the hands of the Guomindang
Japanese Invasion
Japan invaded Manchuria and added it to Japanese empire
Japanese aggression forced Guomindang and Communists to work together
Second Sino-Japanese War started:
Airplane bombing of many Chinese cities
Jiang Jieshi had to set up new capital in Chongqing
Rape of Nanjing
Japan timeline
liberal reforms
zaibatsu
ultranationalists
The Manchurian Incident
renewed Japanese imperialism
Emperor Hirohito
what liberal reforms was Japan making in the 1920s?
Leaned toward to greater democracy, but political parties were manipulated by the zaibatsu
Japan’s aggressive expansion started to affect economic relationships, so they started to slow down foreign expansion:
Agreed to limit navy
Agreed to leave Shandong
Reduced military spending
zaibatsu
Japan’s powerful business leaders
Pushed for policies that favored international trade + own interests in gov
ultranationalists what did they want?
extreme nationalists
wanted renewed Japanese expansion
what motivated the ultranationalists?
Conservatives, especially military, detested gov corruption and interference from zaibatsu
Earthquake hit Tokyo, causing economic dip just as Great Depression hits
They condemned gov for agreeing to Western demands to limit expansion
Racial policies in US, Canada, Australia shut out Japanese immigrants, causing ultranationalists to be more angry
also European empires were much bigger so they were mad that they had to limit theirs
The Manchurian Incident
Japanese military blew up Japanese railroad and blamed China, creating an excuse to seize Manchuria
Japanese military set up Manzhouguo [puppet state in Manchuria] and brought in Puyi [last Chinese emperor] to head the puppet state
Military did all this without consulting the gov
When politicians objected, public supported military
League of Nations condemned Japanese aggression against China
Japan withdrew from League
Nullified previous agreements to limit expansion
Japan in WWII
WWII broke out and joined the Axis Powers [Japan, Germany, Italy] after signing the Tripartite Pact
apartheid
policy of rigid segregation
segregation was stricter after this
ANC
African National Congress
African Christian churches and African-run newspapers made up ANC
wanted equality for black South Africans
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Garvey preached “Africa for Africans” and influenced future African leaders
W.E.B. DuBois
W.E.B. DuBois organized first Pan-African Congress
Pan-African Congress
They met in Paris where the Allies were discussing
Congress tried to get Paris peacemakers to sign a charter of rights
négritude movement
French-speaking writers expressed pride in African culture and protested colonial rule through the négritude movement
Further awakened self-confidence among Africans
Léopold Senghor
Senegalese poet
Rejected negative views of Africans
Played an active role in Senegalese independence
Would be Senegal’s first president
