Chapter 16 Flashcards
(43 cards)
Who led the Muslim League
JInnah
Ceylon / Sri Lanka timeline
- British colony of Ceylon gained independence and changed name to Sri Lanka
- Majority are Sinhalese-speaking Buddhists; large minority of Tamil-speaking Hindus in N. and E.
- Most policies favored majority, so Tamil rebels fought for a new nation
- Peace agreement → Tamil rebels stopped fighting, gov promised to give Tamil regions some freedoms
dalit
outcasts due to caste in India
Sikh rebellion timeline
- Sikh separatists wanted independence for the majority Sikh state of Punjab
- Occupied the Golden Temple [Sikh’s holiest shrine]
- Indira Gandhi sent in troops after talks failed
- Caused a lot of damage to the temple
- Indira’s bodyguards assassinated her a few months later
BJP + timeline
Bharatiya Janata Party
Congress Party faced strong opposition from BJP
- Congress Party separated religion and gov
- BJP wanted gov built on Hindu principle
BJP wanted to destroy mosque in Ayodhya
- Claimed that Muslims tore down a Hindu temple centuries ago to build the mosque
- BJP-backed rioters tore down the mosque
How did Afghanistan impact Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan?
Many Afghan refugees in Pakistan turned to Islamic fundamentalism bc anger at non-Muslim Soviet invaders
Explain Nonaligned Movement countries
newly independent countries who did not want to be allied w US or USSR
first conference at Yugoslavia
they became known as third world countries as a result
Malaysia timeline
British colonies on Malay Peninsula and island of Borneo gained independence and became Malaysia
Diverse, but even distribution of wealth bc:
- Ppl of Indian and Chinese descent dominated business
- Gov tries to include Malay majority in country’s prosperity
Myanmar timeline
Burma won independence from Britain and became Myanmar
Burman majority dominated
Military gov limited foreign trade, so living standards remained low
Foreign pressure led to elections being held but military rejected election results
Aung San Suu Kyi
won in Myanmar election, but military rejected and put her in house arrest
won Nobel Peace Prize while imprisoned
her father helped Burma win independence
Indonesia timeline
Sukarno (democracy)
army officers tried to overthrow, but Suharto stopped them and claimed Communists were behind attack
Suharto (dictator)
Asian financial crisis + return to democracy when riots took Suharto out of power
East Timor
ethnic conflicts + natural disasters
E. Timor timeline
Indonesia seized East Timor, former Portuguese colony
Most East Timorese wanted independence and they finally won it
East Timor was very poor and struggled to meet its ppl’s needs
Huks
local Communists in Philippines w strong peasant support
Philippines timeline
Ferdinand Marcos [elected Philippine president] became dictator
he had Benigno Aquino [popular rival] murdered
held elections and Corazon Aquino [Benigno’s widow] won
Marcos tried to deny results, but riots
Economy grew, then slowed; poverty persisted
Joseph Estrada [another Filipino president] tried to hold onto power, but ppl rioted
Why did many African nations move towards democracy?
Many Africans demanded move to greater democracy
W.ern govs and the World Bank required democratic reforms as a condition for loans
during Cold War US and USSR formed allies w who and why in Africa
- US supported Zaire (Congo) vs. USSR supported Angola
- US alliance w Somalia vs USSR support of Ethiopia
- These countries were important bc they controlled access to the Red Sea
Ghana timeline
Kwame Nkrumah
Jerry Rawlings
Kwame Nkrumah
Ghana
Nationalized many businesses
Built massive dam for electricity, creating Lake Volta and massive debts
His gov became dictatorial and corrupt and was overthrown
Jerry Rawlings
Strengthened Ghana’s economy
Restored democracy, bringing stability
Won a free election, then peacefully handed over power after losing later
Kenya timeline
White settlers vs. natives (most Kikuyu)
Mau Mau
Kenyatta
Mau Mau
radicals in Kenya who turned to guerilla warfare to end oppressive laws
Kenyatta
first president of independent Kenya
Jailed opponents and outlawed opposition parties
Resisted free elections until violent riots and foreign lenders forced move toward democracy
Kenya’s first fair election removed ruling party
Algeria timeline
National Liberation Front
France didn’t want to lose Algeria bc oil and natural gas were discovered, leading to long war
Public opinion turned against the war and Algeria won independence
A coup began long period military rule
- Nationalized foreign firms
- Created command economy based on oil and gas exports
- Then returned to market economy
When free elections were allowed, Islamist party won
Military rejected the results, leading to years of civil war
Nigeria timeline
Dominating ethnic groups are Christian Ibo, Yoruba, and Muslim Hausa
Nigeria won peaceful independence
Republic of Biafra
Military rule period where rulers diverted country’s oil earnings for themselves
After returning to democracy, there was an increase in crime
