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World History > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who led the Muslim League

A

JInnah

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2
Q

Ceylon / Sri Lanka timeline

A
  • British colony of Ceylon gained independence and changed name to Sri Lanka
  • Majority are Sinhalese-speaking Buddhists; large minority of Tamil-speaking Hindus in N. and E.
  • Most policies favored majority, so Tamil rebels fought for a new nation
  • Peace agreement → Tamil rebels stopped fighting, gov promised to give Tamil regions some freedoms
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3
Q

dalit

A

outcasts due to caste in India

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4
Q

Sikh rebellion timeline

A
  • Sikh separatists wanted independence for the majority Sikh state of Punjab
  • Occupied the Golden Temple [Sikh’s holiest shrine]
  • Indira Gandhi sent in troops after talks failed
  • Caused a lot of damage to the temple
  • Indira’s bodyguards assassinated her a few months later
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5
Q

BJP + timeline

A

Bharatiya Janata Party

Congress Party faced strong opposition from BJP
- Congress Party separated religion and gov
- BJP wanted gov built on Hindu principle

BJP wanted to destroy mosque in Ayodhya
- Claimed that Muslims tore down a Hindu temple centuries ago to build the mosque
- BJP-backed rioters tore down the mosque

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6
Q

How did Afghanistan impact Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan?

A

Many Afghan refugees in Pakistan turned to Islamic fundamentalism bc anger at non-Muslim Soviet invaders

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7
Q

Explain Nonaligned Movement countries

A

newly independent countries who did not want to be allied w US or USSR
first conference at Yugoslavia
they became known as third world countries as a result

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8
Q

Malaysia timeline

A

British colonies on Malay Peninsula and island of Borneo gained independence and became Malaysia

Diverse, but even distribution of wealth bc:
- Ppl of Indian and Chinese descent dominated business
- Gov tries to include Malay majority in country’s prosperity

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9
Q

Myanmar timeline

A

Burma won independence from Britain and became Myanmar
Burman majority dominated
Military gov limited foreign trade, so living standards remained low
Foreign pressure led to elections being held but military rejected election results

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10
Q

Aung San Suu Kyi

A

won in Myanmar election, but military rejected and put her in house arrest
won Nobel Peace Prize while imprisoned
her father helped Burma win independence

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11
Q

Indonesia timeline

A

Sukarno (democracy)
army officers tried to overthrow, but Suharto stopped them and claimed Communists were behind attack
Suharto (dictator)
Asian financial crisis + return to democracy when riots took Suharto out of power
East Timor
ethnic conflicts + natural disasters

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12
Q

E. Timor timeline

A

Indonesia seized East Timor, former Portuguese colony
Most East Timorese wanted independence and they finally won it
East Timor was very poor and struggled to meet its ppl’s needs

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13
Q

Huks

A

local Communists in Philippines w strong peasant support

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14
Q

Philippines timeline

A

Ferdinand Marcos [elected Philippine president] became dictator
he had Benigno Aquino [popular rival] murdered
held elections and Corazon Aquino [Benigno’s widow] won
Marcos tried to deny results, but riots
Economy grew, then slowed; poverty persisted
Joseph Estrada [another Filipino president] tried to hold onto power, but ppl rioted

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15
Q

Why did many African nations move towards democracy?

A

Many Africans demanded move to greater democracy
W.ern govs and the World Bank required democratic reforms as a condition for loans

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16
Q

during Cold War US and USSR formed allies w who and why in Africa

A
  • US supported Zaire (Congo) vs. USSR supported Angola
  • US alliance w Somalia vs USSR support of Ethiopia
  • These countries were important bc they controlled access to the Red Sea
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17
Q

Ghana timeline

A

Kwame Nkrumah
Jerry Rawlings

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18
Q

Kwame Nkrumah

A

Ghana
Nationalized many businesses
Built massive dam for electricity, creating Lake Volta and massive debts
His gov became dictatorial and corrupt and was overthrown

19
Q

Jerry Rawlings

A

Strengthened Ghana’s economy
Restored democracy, bringing stability
Won a free election, then peacefully handed over power after losing later

20
Q

Kenya timeline

A

White settlers vs. natives (most Kikuyu)
Mau Mau
Kenyatta

21
Q

Mau Mau

A

radicals in Kenya who turned to guerilla warfare to end oppressive laws

22
Q

Kenyatta

A

first president of independent Kenya
Jailed opponents and outlawed opposition parties
Resisted free elections until violent riots and foreign lenders forced move toward democracy
Kenya’s first fair election removed ruling party

23
Q

Algeria timeline

A

National Liberation Front
France didn’t want to lose Algeria bc oil and natural gas were discovered, leading to long war
Public opinion turned against the war and Algeria won independence

A coup began long period military rule
- Nationalized foreign firms
- Created command economy based on oil and gas exports
- Then returned to market economy

When free elections were allowed, Islamist party won
Military rejected the results, leading to years of civil war

24
Q

Nigeria timeline

A

Dominating ethnic groups are Christian Ibo, Yoruba, and Muslim Hausa
Nigeria won peaceful independence
Republic of Biafra
Military rule period where rulers diverted country’s oil earnings for themselves
After returning to democracy, there was an increase in crime

25
Q

Republic of Biafra

A

NIGERIA STUFF
Coup by Muslim officers led to rebellion by the Ibo ppl who declared independence as the Republic of Biafra
War ensued and Nigerian military ended Biafra’s independence

26
Q

Democratic Republic of the Congo timeline

A

Belgium declared the colony independent when they were not prepared
Katanga rebellion
Mobutu overthrew Congo gov and ruled as military dictator
Civil war raged based on ethnic loyalties until a ceasefire brought uneasy peace

27
Q

Why did Belgium declare Congo independent?

A

Province of Katanga was especially rich in natural resources
Allowed Belgian mining companies to work w politicians in Katanga to retain control of the province’s minerals

28
Q

Katanga rebellion

A

Patrice Lumumba [Congo’s first prime minister] asked USSR for help to fight the rebels
US supported his rival Joseph Mobutu, later Mobutu Sese Seko
Lumumba was captured and executed
UN ended Katanga rebellion

29
Q

David Ben-Gurion

A

first Israel prime minister

30
Q

kibbutzim

A

Israeli collective farm that produced crops for export

31
Q

Injustice against Kurds

A

Borders drawn by Europeans divided the Kurds’ homeland among Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey
In each country, Kurds are a minority

Turkey
Outlawed use of Kurdish language
Kurdish rebels fought back
Legalized Kurdish language and main rebels gave up violence, but tensions were still there

Iraq
After Iraq’s defeat in Gulf War, Kurds rebelled and set up British and US-backed gov

32
Q

OPEC

A

[Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]
Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE

33
Q

What did OPEC do to protest support for Israel

A

OPEC’s Arab members blocked oil shipments to US to protest support for Israel, which contributed to worldwide recession

34
Q

Why is the Suez Canal important?

A

links Europe w Asia and E. Africa

35
Q

Egypt

A

Gamal Abdel Nasser
Anwar Sadat
Hosni Mubarak

36
Q

Gamal Abdel Nasser

A

wanted to modernize Egypt and stop W.ern domination
- Nationalized Suez Canal to end British and French control
- Britain and France responded w military action, but US and USSR made them withdraw
- Nasser’s Arab nationalism made him popular w Arabs

Led two unsuccessful wars vs Israel
Relied on USSR to counter US support for Israel

37
Q

Anwar Sadat

A

First Arab leader to make peace w Israel
Weakened ties w USSR and sought US aid
Islamists denounced his gov’s failure to end corruption and poverty
Muslim fundamentalists assassinated him

38
Q

Hosni Mubarak

A

Egypt
Extremists turned to terrorist attacks
Harsh gov crackdowns increased support for Islamists

39
Q

Iran timeline

A

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Mosaddeq
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returns
Ayatolla Ruhollah Khomein

40
Q

Ayatolla Ruhollah Khomein

A

former exile during shah
Made Iran into a theocracy
Brutalized opponents
Took away women’s rights
Held hostages in US embassy

41
Q

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

A

W.ern backing bc shah kept oil industry in W.ern control

used oil money for industry to quiet unrest:
- Built industry
- Redistributed land
- Extended new rights to women
- Secret police terrorized and drove many critics to exile

42
Q

Mohammad Mosaddeq

A

Iran
Nationalized oil industry

43
Q

Was Saudi Arabia part of OPEC’s protest of US support for Israel

A

Yes, but they stopped quickly and returned to US relationship

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