Chapter 13 Flashcards
flapper
rebellious young women; originated in America, then spread worldwide
John T. Scopes
John T. Scopes was tried for teaching evolution in Tennessee
Broke the law that barred the teaching of anything in opposition to the Bible’s version
Was found guilty
lost generation?
refers to the generation of writers who left US and moved to Paris; coined by Gertrude Stein
“stream of consciousness” in new literature after wwi?
presents a character’s random thoughts and feelings w/out imposing logic/order
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
African American cultural awakening
Enrico Fermi?
discovered atomic fission
fleming?
penicillin
freud?
Ppl feel tension between social training and repressed drives
(Suggested that subconscious mind drives much of human behavior
Learned social values help repress powerful urges)
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
a method of studying how the mind worlds and treating mental disorders
new forms of art after wwi
fauvism [bright colors applied from tubes]: Matisse
cubism [3D objects represented as angles and planes]: Picasso, Braque
abstract [only lines, colors, shapes, sometimes no recognizable subject matter]: Kandinsky, Klee
dada [believed there was no sense or truth to the world]: Arp, Ernst
surrealism: Dali
Inspired by cubism and dada
Attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind
Rejected rational thought, which spawned the horrors of WWI
Bauhaus school?
Bauhaus school in Germany blended science and technology w architecture design
Frank Lloyd Wright?
thought the function of a building should determine its form
Britain party and when did they dominate and what did they do?
Liberal, Labour, Conservative
Labour Party (socialism) became more popular than Liberal party
Passed some social laws, but mainly supported middle class
Conservative Party became more powerful than Labour party
Limited power of workers to strike
Ireland timeline?
home-rule bill was passed, but forgotten bc of WWI
Easter Rising → group of Irish revolted against British rule, suppressed
IRA [Irish Republican Army] → began guerilla war against the British
agreement was reached
Most became Irish Free State; largely Protestant north remained under British rule
France’s gov troubles after wwi
A series of quickly changing coalition govs ruled France
“The Red Scare”
Fear of radicals and the Bolshevik Revolution set off “Red Scare”
Laws were passed to limit European immigration (Asian immigration was already limited previously)
Maginot Line
French fortifications built to stop German invasion
Locarno treaties
treaties that settled Germany’s disputed borders
Kellogg-Briand Pact
promised to renounce war as an instrument of national policy; almost every independent nation agreed to thi
US started it
Disarmament and how it applied after wwi
reduction of armed forces and weapons
Nations reduced the size of navies, not armies
Why did Britain want to ease treaty’s treatment of Germany?
Feared that if Germany was weak, France and Soviet Union would become too powerful
general strike and where did it occur?
strike by workers in many different industries
occurred in Britain for nine days, ~3 mil workers
Why did France’s economy recover quicker?
Financial reparations and territories from Germany helped
Great Depression timeline
falling demand and overproduction
higher interest rates
Stock Market Crash
higher interest rates
bank closures
international effect
why did demand fall and overproduction occur before great depression?
Demand for raw materials was high during the war and dropped drastically after the war, causing prices on raw materials to drop
Farmer and other suppliers earned less as a result
Better technology allowed factories to make more products faster
Led to overproduction [production of goods > demand]
As demand went down, factories cut back on production and workers lost their jobs
Why did the Federal Reserve raise interest rates and why did this backfire?
Federal Reserve raised interest rates to slow the run of the stock market
The higher interest rates made the ppl nervous about investing, hurting demand
international effect of Great Depression
American banks stopped making loans abroad and demanded repayment of foreign loans
Germany couldn’t make reparation payments w/out support from US
France and Britain couldn’t repay their loans
US imposed the highest tariffs ever, which backfired bc other nations did too
How did Britain respond to Great Depression?
Britain set up a coalition gov that was made up of leaders from all three major parties
Provided some unemployment benefits, but didn’t help much
How did France respond to Great Depression?
In France, leftist parties united behind socialist Leon Blum’s Popular Front government
Tried to solve labor problem and passed some social laws, but didn’t satisfy more radical leftists
Strikes brought down the gov
Country lacked strong leadership
Why was Italy in turmoil after wwi?
Italy felt betrayed by Allies’ secret promises
Peasants and workers revolted
Veterans faced unemployment
Economy failed
Gov split into feuding factions, and was therefore useless
Who were the Black Shirts?
Combat squads organized by Mussolini
Rejected democracy and socialism in favor of violence
Many Italians accepted them bc they lost faith in their constitutional gov too
March on Rome and effects
Fascists swarmed the capitol
King Victor Emmanuel III asked to form a gov w prime minister bc he wanted to avoid civil war
Thus Mussolini gained appointment from the king to lead Italy
Why did Mussolini gain support from the pope? Which pope?
for recognizing Vatican City as an independent state, altho pope didn’t agree w his goals
Pope Pius XI
Mussolini’s control of the economy?
Mussolini brought economy under state control, but preserved capitalism
His system favored upper classes and industrial leaders; workers suffered
Workers’ wages were kept low and they were forbidden to strike
What is Fascism?
describes any authoritarian gov that is not communist, state > individual, destructive to basic human rights
Ultranationalism
violence and discipline
blind loyalty to the state
aggressive foreign expansion
antidemocratic [rejected faith in reason an equality]
fascism vs. communism?
Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and communists
Differences –>
- Communists: international change; fascists: nationalism
- Communists: classless; fascism: supported classes; allied w the rich
Similarities –>
- Drew power by inspiring blind devotion to state / charismatic leader as embodiment of state
- Used terror to keep power
- Flourished during economic struggles
- A party leader claimed to rule in the name of national interest
what was the first totalitarian state?
Fascist Italy
command economy and which country was this?
where gov officials make all basic economic decisions
Stalin’s Soviet Union
kulaks?
wealthy farmers
gulags?
system of labor camps
The Great Purge and results?
Stalin feared rival party leaders so he started the Great Purge
Later, he conducted “show trials” and punished anyone he suspected
Millions of people were purged during this time
Increased loyalty to Stalin
Many of the most talented people were purged, including most military leaders and half of military officers
socialist realism
goal was to show Soviet life in a positive light and promote hope in communist future
Stalin used this to censor the arts
Soviet Elite under Stalin
Head of society were members of the Communist party
Some joined bc they wanted to get ahead instead of a belief in communism
Soviet elites enjoyed benefits denied to most ppl
(Industrial managers, military leaders, scientists, etc.)
Stalin’s purges often fell on the elite
Comintern? Who formed it? Effects on Western countries?
Communist International; encourages world-wide revolution
Lenin formed Comintern
This made Western countries suspicious of the Soviet Union
US → “Red Scare”
Britain → cut off ties when they learned Soviet Union wanted to turn 1926 strike into a revolution
Why was Weimar Republic weak?
too many small parties
Gov was led by moderate democratic socialists so it was criticized by Communists and Conservatives
Germans blamed Jews and the gov for the Versailles treaty
ppl longed for a strong leader like Bismarck
Ruhr Valley timeline
France occupied the Ruhr Valley when Germany fell behind in payments
The workers refused to work and German gov continued to pay them to support them
Gov had to print a lot of paper money to do so and inflation led to German currency becoming worthless
Dawes Plan
Dawes Plan + who proposed
US proposed Dawes Plan to help with reparations
France withdrew from Ruhr Valley
American loans helped German economy recover
Weimar Culture
Stimulated new cultural movements like dada art and Bauhaus architecture
The Three-Penny Opera by Bertolt Brecht criticized middle-class values
Artist George Grosz blasted the failings of the Weimar Republic
Hitler’s plan for revival
Germany must expand to gain Lebensraum [living space] for ppl
Inferior races must bow to “Aryan” needs
Germany needed a Führer [strong leader]
Hitler’s rise to power
Nazis and Communists won more seats in the Reichstag [lower house of legislature]
So, conservative leaders helped Hitler, bc they believed they could control him
Hitler became chancellor of Germany, but within a year, he was dictator
Germany became a one-party state
Stalin purged Nazis that were disloyal
Nuremberg Laws
deprived Jews of German citizenship; segregated them; placed other restrictions
Kristallnacht
Nov 7 → Jew whose parents had mistreated in Germany shot German diplomat in Paris
Nov. 9 - 10 → Hitler used this as an excuse for Kristallnacht
General trend in govs in E. Europe?
Right-wing dictators emerged in every E. European country except Finland and Czechoslovakia
They all promised order and turned to anti-Semitism
