Chapter 17/18 Flashcards
war in sri lanka
Sinhalese Buddhists are majority; led to civil war
made Sinhalese the only language and ended official use of Tamil
Gov support for Buddhism
Excluded Hindu Tamils from power
Ceasefire when gov agreed to negotiate separate Tamil gov
tensions in canada
Canada has English majority, so ppl of Quebec felt gov was unfair to them
Some wanted Quebec to be separate gov
Others tried to increase gov support for French
Quebec’s ppl voted to remain in Canada
tension in N. Ireland
Ireland won independence from Britain
Six N.ern counties w Protestant majority voted to remain in Britain as N.ern Ireland
Minority Catholics in N.ern Ireland faced discrimination
IRA vs. Protestant militia
Good Friday Agreement, but peace was threatened multiple times after
IRA
Irish Republican Army
Good Friday Agreement
N. Ireland
Protestants and Catholics signed a peace accord
tensions in Azerbaijan
Ethnic Armenians declared independence for region of Nagorno-Karabakh
Chechnya
Muslim Chechens wanted independence from Russian control
Russians brutally crushed Chechen revolt
A peace treaty failed, motivating Chechen separatists to take their battle to other parts of Russia
Russians captured Grozny, capital of Chechnya
Some Chechen rebels turned to terrorist attacks
tensions in Yugoslavia
Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Macedonia
Serbs dominated
Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia declared independence
Croatian independence led to fighting
renamed to Serbia and Montenegro
Bosnia
- When Bosnia declared independence, Bosnian Serbs tried to set up their own Yugoslavia-backed gov in Bosnia
- Serbs launched ethnic cleansing campaign against Bosniaks and Croat
- To fight back, Croats did ethnic cleansing against Serbs in Croatia
- NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb military forced them to sign the Dayton Accords
tensions in Kosovo
Slobodan Milosevic [Serbian president] oppressed Kosovar Albanians
Peaceful protests + guerilla tactics were used by Albanians
Yugoslav forces attempted ethnic cleansing of Albanians
NATO air strikes forced Yugoslavia to withdraw + placed Albania under UN control
ANC
African National Congress
Sharpesville massacre + effects
police shot and killed ANC peaceful demonstrators
Gov outlawed ANC and cracked down on apartheid opposition
Pushed ANC to shift from nonviolent struggle to armed struggle
Desmond Tutu
won Nobel Peace prize for nonviolent opposition
Which S. African president ended Apartheid and freed Mandela?
F. W. de Klerk
Hutu vs. Tutsi
the major ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi
Same language, different traditions
Tutsis were the minority, but they dominated gov
tensions in Rwanda
Extremist Hutus urged civilians to kill Tutsis + moderate Hutus
France sent in troops after several months of death
UN assisted Rwanda’s rebuilding efforts + held trial for genocide
tensions in Burundi
Civil war between Hutus and Tutsis, but no genocide
Lasted longer than Rwanda
tensions in Sudan
Arab Muslim north gov vs non-Arab, non-Muslim south
Gov discriminated against other ethnic groups; imposed Islamic law even in non-Muslim areas
Led to civil war
Peace agreement was signed so rebels would stop fighting and S. would get limited self-gov, power in national gov, freedom from Islamic law
Arab militias backed by gov attacked ppl of Darfur [W.ern part of Sudan]
Raised fears of genocide
UN organized effort to aid refugees
results of Israel and Egypt peace accord
Israel returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt
Oslo Accord
Arafat (Palestine) and Yitzhak Rabin (Israel) signed
Israel gave Palestine W. Bank and Gaza
PLO recognized Israel and pledged to stop terrorism against Israel
tensions in Lebanon
Arab Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, and Druze [related to Islam] were prominent ethnic groups
After Muslim Palestinian refugees entered Lebanon, changing the religious balance and Muslims demanded more power
Christian and Muslim militias launched civil war
Israel invaded S. to stop cross-border attacks
Syria occupied E. to secure borders
Iran-Iraq War
Saddam Hussein became dictator of Iraq
After Iran’s Islamic revolution, Hussein took advantage of political turmoil and seized disputed border region, triggering war
Iran opposed the US, so Iraq won US support
Some charged Hussein w genocide against the Kurds
Gulf War
Iraq invaded Kuwait for oil control and access to the Persian Gulf
US saw this as a threat to the oil resources of the Persian Gulf
George H. W. Bush launched Gulf War
Bush formed coalition of W.ern and ME.ern nations under UN banner to drive out Iraq
Liberated Kuwait
Deng Xiaoping
more interested in economic improvement than political purity (“don’t care about cat” dude)
Four Modernizations led to economic boom
Four Modernizations
agriculture, industry, science, defense
allowed some features of free market
“Responsibility system” [peasants were given plots of farmland; gov took a share, but farmers could sell surplus and keep profits]
Led to economic boom
problems caused by economic growth in China
Some state-run industries were unprofitable, so some were sold off, but others were kept bc fear of unemployment
Rapid urbanization led to impoverished urban dwellers
Corruption in gov
Health problems
Green Revolution
India (Nehru)
Only farmers w enough land + money could afford these things
Most farmers relied on traditional methods and barely produced enough to survive
Mother Teresa
founded Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta to provide food + medical care
needed bc the rapid movement to cities caused overcrowded cities that couldn’t provide for everyone
Import substitution
manufacturing goods locally
why was import substitution used and why was this practice discontinued?
In Latin America, they often produced single cash crop or commodity to earn money for imports
so import substitution to reduce dependency on imports
Many new industries needed gov or foreign help
Gradually gave up on import substitution bc high cost
Agribusinesses
giant commercial farm
Latin America
Liberation theology
church-affiliated ppl crusaded for social justice
Evangelical Protestant groups won converts among the poor in Latin America
OAS
Organization of American States
group formed to promote democracy, economic cooperation, and human rights in the Americas
Why were conservative dictators in L. America often supported by US
Conservatives often saw reforms as communist threat, so they were supported by US
What are the two main motivators for US intervention in Latin America?
Cold War stuff
drugs
what country did US invade and arrest the president of and why?
US invaded Panama and arrested Manuel Noriega [Panama president] for drug trafficking
tensions in Guatemala
Rebels in Guatemala fought series of military regimes
Military especially targeted the indigenous population
tensions in El Salvador
Reformers challenged El Salvador’s landowning and military elite
Archbishop Oscar Romero preached liberation theology until he was killed
Brutal civil war until UN-brokered peace + outside aid
PRI
Mexico
Institutional Revolutionary Party
has dominated the gov
Claimed to represent all groups, however they crush opposition
Made some reforms under pressure after corruption, drug scandals, and internal splits
Vincente Fox
Mexico
after PRI
Vincente Fox was elected
He worked to end corruption, reduce poverty, spur economic growth, protect the rights of indigenous ppl
Argentina timeline
Initially most prosperous Latin American country, but Great Depression led to political and economic turmoil
Juan Peron
military rule after Juan’s death
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
military to restore elections
Financial crisis devastated economy, but democracy survived and economy recovered
Why did the military restore elections in Argentina?
Failed policies + lost war w Britain over the Falkland Islands forced military to restore elections
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
Argentina
Military tortured, kidnapped, and killed its own ppl
women who marched silently holding pictures of their missing kids at the Plaza de Mayo in the capital
Juan Peron
Helped laborers, but suppressed opposition and led to economic turmoil
Was ousted in a military coup
Military was in and out of power until Peron was re-elected
President who launched Gulf War?
George H. W. Bush
