Chapter 10 Flashcards
What caused discontent in Tokugawa Japan?
Japan was closed to foreigners and Japanese ppl were forbidden to travel overseas, so internal commerce grew
Many daimyo suffered financial hardships bc their wealth came from land, not cash, which was needed in commercial economy
Lesser samurai also lacked money
Merchants resented their place at the bottom of the social hierarchy despite how rich they were
Peasants suffered under heavy taxes
Commodore Matthew Perry?
demanded that Japan open its ports to diplomatic and commercial exchange
Treaty of Kanagawa?
response to Commodore Matthew Perry’s demand to open up Japan
shogun Iseada agreed to open two ports to American ships, not for trade
US soon won trading rights, extraterritoriality, low taxes on American imports
European nations later demanded similar rights
Mutsuhito?
15-yr-old emperor that began the Meiji Restoration
Moved old imperial capital in Kyoto to Edo, which he renamed Tokyo [“eastern capital”]
Meiji Restoration?
Some criticized the shogun for not taking a strong stand against foreigners
Daimyo and samurai led a revolt that “restored” emperor Mutsuhito
Meiji Restoration
Meiji reformers’ motto: “a rich country, a strong military”
Set out to study Western ways and adapt them
Meiji Restoration
Meiji reformers’ motto: “a rich country, a strong military”
Set out to study Western ways and adapt them to Japanese culture
Meiji constitution
modeled gov after Germany
Set forth principle that all citizens were equal before the law
Gave the emperor autocratic power
created the Diet
Voting rights were limited
Diet?
legislature created by the Meiji constitution
consisted of one elected house and one house appointed by the emperor
zaibatsu
powerful banking and industrial families
Japanese gov typically built factories and sold them to zaibatsus who further developed them
ie. Kawasaki family
Factors that led to Japan’s success?
- homogeneous society
- Economic growth during Tokugawa times
- Japan could learn from other nations
- determined to resist foreign rule
Japan timeline
Tokugawa Japan
Commodore Matthew Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa
Emperor Mutsuhito
Meiji Restoration
Meiji constitution
industrialization
Korea timeline
tributary state to China
First Sino-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
Treaty of Portsmouth
Japanese protectorate
Japan annexed Korea (35 yrs)
March First Movement
independence
First Sino-Japanese War
Caused by competition between Japan and China in Korea
China had greater resources; Japan had modernization
Japan won
gained treaty ports and Taiwan
Russo-Japanese War
Caused by competition between Japan and Russia for Korea and Manchuria
For first time in modern history, Asian power defeated European power
Treaty of Portsmouth
Treaty of Portsmouth?
Japan gained Korea and rights in parts of Manchuria
after Russo-Japanese War
The March First Movement
nonviolent protest against the Japanese
was quelled
remained a rallying symbol for Korean nationalists
colonization of Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
Dutch East India Company established bases on the island of Java and in the Moluccas [Spice Islands]
Slowly grew to dominate rest of Dutch East Indies
colonization of Burma [Myanmar] and Malaya
rulers of Burma clashed with the British, who were expanding eastwards from India
Burmese suffered defeats and were annexed, but still resisted British rule
The British expanded their influence in Malaya
Singapore grew at the southern tip of the peninsula, enriching Britain
colonization of French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
Portuguese traders set up trading center in present-day Vietnam
Christian missionaries moved into Vietnam
Vietnamese officials tried to suppress Christianity by killing converts and missionaries
French invaded in response to treatment of Christianity and bc they wanted more influence in Southeast Asia markets
Kingdom of Siam [Thailand] timeline
Mongkut [king of Siam] studied Western stuff:
Used this knowledge to negotiate with Western powers and satisfy their goals in Siam thru agreements in unequal treaties
As a result, Siam escaped becoming a European colony
Mongkut and Chulalongkorn [Mongkut’s son] set Siam on road of modernization
Chulalongkorn bargained to remove unequal treaties
Philippines timeline
Spain
Suez Canal
Jose Rizal
Spanish-American War
Emilio Aguinaldo
promise of gradual transition to self-rule
Samoa timeline
US secured unequal treaty from Samoa:
Gained extraterritoriality and a naval station
US, Germany, and Britain agreed to a triple protectorate over Samoa
Hawaii timeline
American sugar growers were interested in Hawaii
Hawaiian queen Liliuokalani tried to reduce foreign influence, but American planters overthrew her
American planters asked US to annex Hawaii, which it did
Supporters of annexation argued that Britain or Japan would annex Hawaii instead
Canada timeline
Constitutional Act of 1791
William Lyon Mackenzie
Louis Joseph Papineau
Lord Durham
Act of Union
John Macdonald and George Etienne Cartier
British North America Act of 1867
Canadian Pacific Railway
Louis Riel
Constitutional Act of 1791
Created English-speaking Upper Canada (now Ontario) and French-speaking Lower Canada (now Quebec)
Upper Canada → guided by English laws and traditions
Lower Canada → French traditions and Catholic Church
Louis Joseph Papineau
Ppl of Upper and Lower Canada despised the power held by small group of elites
led rebellion in Lower Canada
head of French Canadian Reform party
William Lyon Mackenzie
Ppl of Upper and Lower Canada despised the power held by small group of elites
led rebellion in Upper Canada
“Put down the villains who oppress and enslave our country”
Lord Durham
Britain sent Lord Durham to report on the causes of unrest in Lower and Upper Canada
Act of Union
Joined the two Canadas into one province
Gave them an elected legislature to determine some domestic policies
Britain would still control foreign policy and trade
John Macdonald and George Etienne Cartier
urged confederation [unification] of Britain’s North American colonies
felt this would strengthen Canada against American ambitions and help economic development
British North America Act of 1867
Created the the Dominion of Canada
Canada had its own Parliament, modeled after Britain
By 1900s, Canada had some control over foreign policy, but kept close ties to Britain
Canadian Pacific Railway
linking eastern and western Canada
Louis Riel
led two uprisings of the métis [ppl of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent
Many metis were French-speaking Catholics who believed the government was trying to take their land and destroy their language and religion
Government quelled both uprisings
Australia timeline
Aborigines
A Penal Colony
free citizens were encouraged to migrate bc of free land and tools
prosperous wool industry bc good conditions for sheepherding
gold rush
Commonwealth of Australia
granted women’s rights earlier than US or Britain
first nation to introduce secret ballot
Why was Australia made into a penal colony?
Britain had sent convicts to North American colonies earlier, but American Revolution closed that option
prisons in England were full
Why did Britain establish the Commonwealth of Australia
Britain was worried about interference from other European powers
New country kept its ties to Britain by recognizing British monarch as head of state
New Zealand timeline
Maori tried to fight back
settlers introduced sheep and cattle
they started exporting wool, mutton, and beef
Won their own parliament, prime minister, and elected legislature
Preserved close ties to Britain
Did Latin America improve after independence?
No
Creoles replaced peninsulares as ruling class
The Roman Catholic Church kept its privileged position and land
New constitutions guaranteed equality before the law, but deep-rooted inequalities remained
regionalism and its impact on Latin American nations?
loyalty to a local area
weakened the new nations
Caudillos and their impact on Latin America?
local strongmen
assembled private armies to resist central government
Popular caudillos often gained national power and ruled as dictators
Power struggles let to frequent revolts that changed little
Mexico timeline
Santa Anna
annexation of Texas
war
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Benito Juarez
La Reforma
Napoleon III and Maximilian
General Porfirio Diaz
How did the Suez Canal impact the Philippines?
improved Philippines’ economy bc trade with European countries was easier
Some upper class Filipinos gained better access to education
Jose Rizal
inspired Filipinos to work to gain better treatment from Spain
How did the Spanish-American war impact the Philippines?
American naval officers encouraged Filipino rebel leaders to declare independence from Spain
Philippines later joined US war effort
expected independence but US gave Spain $20 million to control Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo what did he do?
led a Filipino rebellion against the US
was quelled
Santa Anna
caudillo
posed as liberal reformer, then reversed his stand
after brief struggle, Texas gained independence
after Texas was annexed by US, war was declared
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico lost almost half its territory to US
Benito Juarez
liberal reformer
started La Reforma
Juarez’s opponents turned to Europe to get rid of him:
Napoleon III sent troops to Mexico and set up Austrian archduke Maximilian as emperor
Later, Maximilian was caught and shot
Juarez returned to office but was unable to renew his reforms
La Reforma
new era of reform
revised the Mexican constitution
ended Church’s special privileges
stripped military of power
brought mestizos into politics
General Porfirio Diaz
staged military coup after Juarez’s death and ruled as a dictator
He strengthened army, local police, and central government
Made economic advances at high cost:
Capital for development came from foreign investors who were granted special privileges
He let wealthy landowners buy up Native American lands
Rich prospered, but poor stayed poor
Many native americans and mestizos fell into peonage
peonage
hacienda owners would give workers advances on their wages and require them to stay on the hacienda until they had paid back they owed
Explain Latin American economic dependence
Britain and US were chief trade partners
foreign goods Latin America, creating profits for foreigners and a few local business ppl
With foreign capital, some Latin American economies grew
Tiny elite benefited from economic growth, but very little trickled down to the ppl at the bottom
Poor earned too little to buy consumer goods, so many industries failed
Foreign investment led to local interference as investors would pressure their own govs to take action if politics or reform movements threatened their own interests
what was the Monroe Doctrine and why was it issued?
declared that the American continents should no longer be considered to be up for colonization
Spain plotted to recover its American colonies, clashing with British economic interests
British leaders asked Monroe to join them in a statement opposing new colonization of the Americas
Acting alone, Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine
Britain’s strong navy backed this up
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
self-issued
Gave the US international police power in the Western Hemisphere
US sent troops all over Latin America to protect their economic investments
ie. When Dominican Republic didn’t pay its foreign debts, US sent in troops
Cuba and the US
- Cuba wanted independence from Spain
- US joined, leading to Spanish-American War
- Cuba won independence
- US forced Platt Amendment
Cuban patriots had spent years trying to gain independence from Spain
US decided to join their cause, leading to Spanish-American War, which they won
Cuba was granted independence, but US forced Cubans to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution, which gave US naval bases in Cuba and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs
Panama and the US
US wanted to build a canal across Central America, and Panama was a proposed site, but Panama belonged to Colombia
US backed a revolt by Panamanians against Colombia
They won and US got control of the land to build the canal
Panama didn’t gain complete control of the canal until 2000
to ppl in Latin America, the canal was an example of?
“Yankee imperialism”
