Chapter 5

Question 1

agricultural inventions that spurred industrial revolution

Answer 1

the dutch built dikes
english farmers experimented with other methods to improve farming (seed drill, mixing soil for higher crop yields, growing turnips to restore exhausted soil)

Question 2

Why did farm laborers form the labor force of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 2

Rich landowners enclosed [to take over and consolidate farmland] land formerly shared by peasant farmers
This increased farm output
Many farm laborers were thrown out of work or forced out of their land
These farm laborers migrated into towns and cities and formed the growing labor force of the Industrial Revolution

Question 3

Population increased dramatically in a couple of years at the start of industrial revolution because

Answer 3

The agricultural revolution reduced risk of death from famine
Since ppl ate better, they were healthier
Better hygiene and improved health care slowed death from disease

Question 4

What did Thomas Newcomen do?

Answer 4

developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines

Question 5

What did James Watt do?

Answer 5

improved the steam engine

Question 6

What did the Darby family do?

Answer 6

Abraham Darby used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron, which made less expensive and better-quality iron
Abraham Darby III built the world’s first iron bridge

Question 7

Why was Britain ripe for industrialization?

Answer 7

Natural Resources Abound
Effects of Demand and Capital
Government Nurtured Economic Growth

Question 8

What was the putting-out system?

Answer 8

Raw cotton was distributed to peasant families; they spun it into thread and wove cloth; skilled artisans finished and dyed the cloth
slow

Question 9

inventions to speed cotton manufacturing

Answer 9

John Kay’s
flying shuttle
outpaced spinners

James Hargreaves
spinning jenny
spun many threads simultaneously

Richard Arkwright
water frame
spinning machine powered by water

Eli Whitney
cotton gin
separated seeds from raw cotton at a faster rate

Question 10

what were turnpikes?

Answer 10

private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll to use them

Question 11

why did entrepreneurs use turnpikes and canals

Answer 11

Entrepreneurs needed faster, cheaper ways to move things

Question 12

The world’s first major rail line was from

Answer 12

Liverpool to Manchester United

Question 13

Who were the Luddistes and were they supported by the working class?

Answer 13

masked groups of textile workers that resisted the labor-saving machines that cost them their jobs
yes they were supported

Question 14

What did John Wesley do?

Answer 14

had founded the Methodist movement, which stressed the need for personal sense of faith
Redirected the workers’ anger from revolution to reform

Question 15

Majority of early factory workers were women because they thought

Answer 15

Women could adapt better to the machines
Women were easier to manage
Women could be paid half as much as a man

Question 16

Malthus?

Answer 16

said the poor would continue to suffer because the population boom would outpace natural resources
He wrote “An Essay on the Principle of Population”

Question 17

Ricardo?

Answer 17

In his “Iron Law of Wages”, he said that wage increases were futile because increases would only cover the cost of necessities bc when wages were high, ppl have more kids instead of raising the family’s current standard of living

Question 18

Both Malthus and Ricardo thought best cure for poverty was:

Answer 18

They felt ppl should improve their lost through thrift, hard work, and limiting family size
Opposed government help for the poor

Question 19

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 19

advocated utilitarianism

Question 20

utilitarianism?

Answer 20

the goal of society should be “greatest happiness for greatest number”
All laws should be judged on their “utility” (Do they provide more pleasure than pain?)
Supported individual freedom, which he believed guaranteed happiness
Saw need for government involvement under certain circumstances

Question 21

John Stuart Mill?

Answer 21

influenced by Bentham (utilitarian)
wanted gov to improve working class lives
called for suffrage for women and workers so that they could use their political power to win reforms

Question 22

socialism and why was it proposed?

Answer 22

ppl as a whole would own and operate the means of production [the businesses that produced and distributed goods]
was introduced as a means to end poverty and injustice

Question 23

what were early socialists called?

Answer 23

Early socialists were called Utopians, which implied that they were impractical dreamers

Question 24

Robert Owen?

Answer 24

Utopian Robert Owen set up a model community in Scotland to put his ideas into practice
He owned a mill and placed fair labor laws like not allowing child labor

Question 25

What did Marx and Friedrich Engels do?

Answer 25

proposed communism
wrote “the communist manifesto”
Called communism “scientific socialism”
Theorized that the class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie vs the proletariat
Said proletariat would win and take control of the means of production and set up a communist society.

Question 26

What was the major flaw in Marx’s reasoning for communism?

Answer 26

Marx predicted that workers across nations would unite to wage class warfare, but nationalism won out over working-class loyalty

Question 27

social democracy and what country practiced it

Answer 27

gradual transition from capitalism to socialism
germany