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BMSC 220 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Known as the skeletal system of eucaryotic cells

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2
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

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3
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton components

A
  • Provide structural support and maintain cell shape
  • Positions various organelles in the cell
  • Direct movement of material and organelles within cell
  • Generates force is needed for cellular locomotion
  • Makes up important part of cell division machinery
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4
Q

Describe the structure and composition of microtubules

A

Hollow, relatively rigid, tubular, assembled from protein

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5
Q

How are microtubule proteins arranged?

A

Longitudinal rows called protofilaments

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6
Q

What are protofilaments?

A

Assembled from dimeric building blocks consisting of one alpha tubulin and one beta tubulin subunits

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7
Q

What is the function of microtubule associated proteins?

A

Increased ability and promote microtubule assembly by linking tubulin subunits together

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8
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

Service tracks for variety of motor proteins that generate force is required to move objects within a cell

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9
Q

Three super families of microtubules

A

Kinesin and dyeins, myosin

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10
Q

What is Kinesin?

A

Tetramer of two identical heavy and two identical light chains, smallest and best understood microtubule motor

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11
Q

Globular heads bind microtubules and act as what?

A

ATP hydrolyzing, force generating engines

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12
Q

Kinesin movement is like:

A

Hand over hand mechanism

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13
Q

What is cytoplasmic dynein?

A

Huge protein, two identical heavy chains, variety of intermediate and light chains

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14
Q

Cytoplasm dynein moves how?

A

Along microtubule toward polymers minus end, positions centrosome and Golgi complex

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15
Q

Cytoplasmic dynein purpose is what?

A

Moves organelles, vesicles, and particles through cytoplasm

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16
Q

What do microtubule organizing centrecontrol?

A
  • Number of microtubules
  • Polarity of microtubules
  • Number of protofilaments
  • Time and location of assembly
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17
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Major sight of microtubule initiation in animal cells and remains at centre of cells in microtubule Netwerk

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18
Q

What is a basal body?

A

Another type of MTOC that forms a base of cilium or flagellum, can turn into centrioles

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19
Q

Can microtubule shorten, lengthen, disassemble, and reassemble?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is microtubule stability determined by?

A

Interacting proteins

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21
Q

Disassembly of microtubules can be initiated by what?

A
  • Post translational modification
  • Cold temperature
  • Hydrostatic pressure
  • Elevated calcium
  • Variety of chemicals
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22
Q

Describe cilia

A

Hair-like, sometimes motile organelles, project from surface of a variety of eucaryotic cells

23
Q

What is motile cilia?

A

Usually occurs in large numbers, coordinated beating activity to induce movement

24
Q

Describe flagella

A

Typically occur singly or in parts and exhibit a variety of beating patterns

25
Q

What is axoneme?

A

Core of cilium, contains an array of microtubules

26
Q

Each axoneme contains what?

A

Peripheral doublets with an a tubule, central tubules enclosed by central sheath 

27
Q

Cilium and flagellum emerge from what?

A

A basal body

28
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Strong, flexible, ropelike fibres that provide mechanical strength to cells that are subjected to physical stress

29
Q

How many major classes of intermediate filaments?

A

5

30
Q

What are keratin containing IFs?

A

Structural proteins of epithelial cells

31
Q

What are keratin containing IF function?

A

Organize and maintain cellular architecture and absorb mechanical stress

32
Q

What are neurofilaments?

A

IFs located in cytoplasm of neurons in bundles oriented parallel to axon

33
Q

Acton filaments are organized into what?

A
  • Ordered arrays
  • Highly branched networks
  • Tightly anchored bundles
    
34
Q

Actin filament structure

A

Do stranded structure with two helical grooves running along its length

35
Q

Actin filaments are pointed in the same direction resulting in what?

A

Polar filament

36
Q

What is a major contractile muscle protein?

A

Actin

37
Q

What is myosin?

A

Molecular motors that operate in conjunction with actin filaments, moves towards barbed end of Acton

38
Q

Head of myosin contains what?

A
  1. A site that binds an actin filament
  2. A site that binds and hydrolyzes ATP to drive myosin motor
39
Q

Myosin is divided into what?

A

Conventional or type two and unconventional

40
Q

Primary function for conventional Myosins

A

Muscle contraction, can be used for cell splitting, generating tension, cell migration, or turning growth behaviour

41
Q

Myosin 2 consists of: 

A
  1. Pair of globular heads that contain catalytic site
  2. Pair of necks, consisting of single alpha helix and two associated light chains
  3. Single, long, rod shaped tail formed by intertwining of long alpha helical sections of two heavy chains
42
Q

Each muscle fibre contains what?

A

Hundreds of myofibrils

43
Q

Each myofibril consists of what?

A

Repeating linear array of sarcomeres

44
Q

A sarcomere extends from: 

A

One Z line to the next Z line

45
Q

A sarcomere contains what?

A

Staining M line that lies in Centre of H zone

46
Q

I band contains only (thick or thin) filaments?

A

Thin filaments

47
Q

H band contains only (thick or thin) filaments?

A

Thick filaments

48
Q

Sliding filament model of muscle contraction

A
  • A band remains constant length
  • H and I bands decrease in width then disappear
  • Z lines move inward until they contact outer edges of A band
49
Q

Thin filaments of a skeletal muscle contain what?

A

Actin, tropomyosin, troponin

50
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Elongated molecule that fits securely into grooves within thin filament and is associated with seven actin subunits

51
Q

What is troponin?

A

Globular protein complex composed of three subunits, a long thin filament contact both actin and tropomyosin

52
Q

During a contraction each myosin head: 

A

Extends outward and binds tightly to a thin filament

53
Q

So locomotion is needed for what?

A
  • Tissue and organ development
  • Formation of blood vessels
  • Development of axons
  • Wound healing
  • Protection against infection

BMSC 220 (13 decks)

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