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BMSC 220 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of transcription and translation

A

DNA to RNA to proteins

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2
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

It is an intermediate between a gene and a polypeptide

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3
Q

What are transcription enzymes?

A

RNA polymerases

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4
Q

RNA polymerase moves in what direction?

A

3’ to 5’

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5
Q

What do RNA polymerases do?

A

Incorporate nucleotides into an RNA strand, complementary to DNA strand

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6
Q

Where is the proofreading function found?

A

In transcription

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7
Q

What are operons?

A

Genes organized in clusters that are transcribed together as single mRNA molecule encoding for multiple proteins

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8
Q

Where does transcription happen in eukaryotes?

A

In the nucleus

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9
Q

Where do RNA processing steps happen in eukaryotes?

A

In the nucleus

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10
Q

Where does translation happen in eukaryotes?

A

In the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Why does translation happen in eukaryotes?

A

mRNA needs to be exported to cytoplasm

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12
Q

How many types of RNA polymerases are there in eukaryotes?

A

3

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13
Q

What are the three types of RNA polymerases in eukaryotes?

A

RNA pol I, II, and III

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14
Q

RNA polymerase I does what?

A

Transcribed most RNAs

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15
Q

RNA polymerase II does what?

A

Transcribes mRNAs

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16
Q

RNA polymerase III does what?

A

Transcribed tRNAs

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17
Q

Which RNA polymerases are only found in plants/

A

RNA pol IV and V

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18
Q

What doe RNA pol IV and V do?

A

Transcribes siRNAs

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19
Q

What are the 3 steps of transcription?

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

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20
Q

What do transcription factors binds to?

A

DNA elements in upstream regulatory regions within upstream promotors and enhancers

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21
Q

What forms the preinitiation complex?

A

RNA pol II and general transcription factors

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22
Q

Where do general transcription factors assemble?

A

Pre-initiation complex, upstream of transcriptional start site

23
Q

What do GTF recruit?

A

RNA pol II

24
Q

What is the function of the tail and cap on DNA?

A

Protect from degradation, help export outside nucleus, and translation process

25
Q

Where are mRNAs translated?

A

On ribosomes

26
Q

What are split genes?

A

Presence of genes contain intervening sequences

27
Q

What are exons?

A

Parts of split gene that contribute to mature mRNAs

28
Q

What are introns?

A

Part of split genes that correspond to intervening sequences

29
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

Removal of introns from a pre-RNA

30
Q

Do transcription factors regulate gene expression?

A

Yes

31
Q

A single gene can be controlled by (different, the same) regulatory proteins?

A

Different

32
Q

What does the extent to which a gene is transcribed depend on?

A

Particular combination of transcription factors bound to upstream regulatory elements

33
Q

What gives rise to phenotypes?

A

Gene expression

34
Q

What does RNA processing do?

A

Trims primary transcripts

35
Q

How many possible codons are there for 20 amino acids?

A

64

36
Q

What codon encodes for methionine?

A

AUG

37
Q

What is the starting signal of translation?

A

AUG

38
Q

What are the three codons that stop translation?

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

39
Q

What can decode the info in an mRNA?

A

tRNA

40
Q

What do all mature tRNAs have at their 3’ end?

A

CCA triplet sequence

41
Q

Does it require energy to add aas to each tRNA?

A

Yes

42
Q

Translation is:

A

Protein synthesis

43
Q

What can be seen as the most complex activity of the cell?

A

Translation

44
Q

3 steps of initiation of translation?

A

1) Small subunit/AUG binding
2) Aminoacyl tRNA recruitment
3) Assemble initiation complex

45
Q

Overall process of translation

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Elongation step 2
4) Elongation step 3
5) Elongation step 4
6) Termination

46
Q

What plays a major role in selecting tRNAs and ensuring accurate translation?

A

ribosomal RNAs

47
Q

What is the first step of elongation?

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA selection

48
Q

What is the second step of elongation?

A

Peptide bond formation between 3 aas

49
Q

What is the third step of elongation?

A

Translocation

50
Q

What is the fourth step of elongation?

A

Releasing the deacylated tRNA

51
Q

What is a polyribosome?

A

A complex of multiple ribosomes on mRNA, allowing simultaneous translation

52
Q

What do polyribosomes do to the rate of protein synthesis?

A

Increase rate of protein synthesis

53
Q

What surveillance mechanism is capable of detecting messages with premature termination?

A

mRNA surveillance mechanism

BMSC 220 (13 decks)

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