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BMSC 220 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Plasma membrane

A

Outer boundary of the cell that separates it from the world is a thin, fragile structure

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2
Q

Estimated thickness of plasma membrane

A

5-10 nm

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3
Q

Do all membranes have the same ultrastructure?

A

Yes

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4
Q

How can you observe the plasma membrane?

A

An electron microscope

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5
Q

What are the 7 functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Compartmentalization
  2. Scaffold for biochemical activities
  3. Selectively permeable membrane
  4. Transport solutes
  5. Response to external stimuli
  6. Cell-cell communication
  7. Energy transduction
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6
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

Lipids and proteins

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7
Q

Define: Amphipathic

A

Property of a molecule having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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8
Q

What is insulation for a nerve cell?

A

Myelin sheath

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9
Q

Define: Phosphoglycerides

A

Lipids with phosphate group

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10
Q

Define: Phosphoglycerides

A

Phospholipids built on glycerol backbone

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11
Q

Define: Sphingolipids

A

Derivative of sphingosine

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12
Q

Define: Sphingosine

A

An amino alcohol that contains a long hydrocarbon chain

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13
Q

Define: Ceramides

A

Basic structural units of all sphingolipids, consists of sphingosine linked to fatty acid by amino group

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14
Q

Define: Cholesterol

A

Smaller and less amphipathic molecule

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15
Q

What sterol makes up to 50% of animal membrane lipids

A

Cholesterol

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16
Q

Can lipid bilayers self-assemble?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Liposome functions in the bilayer

A
  • deliver drugs within the body
  • membrane proteins inserted into liposomes
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18
Q

What are membrane carbohydrates?

A

Plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells have carbohydrate, glycoproteins and glycolipids

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19
Q

What is the function of membrane carbohydrates?

A

Mediates interactions of cell and the environment

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20
Q

What is an example of an important carbohydrate in plasma membrane?

A

Blood type

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21
Q

What determines blood type?

A

Glycolipid carbohydrates of RBC plasma membrane

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22
Q

Blood type A

A

Adds enzyme V-acetylgalactosamine to end chain

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23
Q

Blood type B

A

Adds enzyme galactose to chain terminus

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24
Q

Blood type AB

A

Both enzymes present

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25
Q

Blood type O

A

Lacks enzyme capable of attaching either terminal sugar

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26
Q

What is integral membrane protein function?

A

Receptors that bind ligands, channels, or transporters to move ions/solutes across membrane

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27
Q

Are integral membrane proteins amphipathic?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

Associate with membrane by weak electrostatic bonds

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29
Q

What are lipid anchored membrane proteins

A

Covalently bonded to a lipid group that resides within membrane

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30
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A

Outer leaflet of plasma membrane contains specialized regions

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31
Q

What is the function of lipid rafts?

A

Provide favourable environment for cell-surface receptors

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32
Q

Phospholipids move in what way?

A

Laterally

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33
Q

Define: Flippases

A

Enzymes that move certain phospholipids from one leaflet to the other

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34
Q

Define: Apical plasma membrane

A

Absorbs substances from lumen

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35
Q

Define: Lateral

A

Cell contact

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36
Q

Define: Basal

A

Substratum contact, ion gradient

37
Q

Cell with the most highly differentiated structure, covered in continuous plasma membrane

A

Sperm cells

38
Q

What is Brownian movement

A

Phospholipids can find for brief periods to certain areas

39
Q

What can detect and demonstrate distribution of different proteins?

A

Antibodies

40
Q

What is spectrin?

A

Has alpha and beta subunit, wound around each other and head to tail orientation. Major component of internal membranes skeleton

41
Q

What is ankyrin?

A

Mediate interaction with interval membrane proteins

42
Q

Where is Actin found?

A

Present in microfilaments

43
Q

What is glycophorin A?

A

Transmembrane dimer, each subunit single pass protein, heavily glycosylated

44
Q

What does G3PD stand for?

A

Glyceraldehyde – three – phosphate dehydrogenase

45
Q

Four basic mechanisms which solute moves across membranes:

A
  1. Passive
  2. Active
  3. Nonmediated
  4. Transporter mediated
46
Q

How do you calculate net flux?

A

Difference between influx in efflux 

47
Q

Define: Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through semi permeable membrane

48
Q

Cells (shrink, swell, stay same) in a hypotonic solution?

A

Swell

49
Q

Cells (shrink, swell, stay same) in a hypertonic solution?

A

Shrink

50
Q

Cells (shrink, swell, stay same) in a isotonic solution?

A

Stay same 

51
Q

Are ions permeable or impermeable to membranes

A

Impermeable

52
Q

Three ways ion channels can exist

A

Open, closed, or gated

53
Q

Three major categories of gated channels:

A
  1. Voltage gated channels
  2. Ligand gated channels
  3. Mecano gated channels
54
Q

Voltage gated channels confirmational state depends on what?

A

Difference in ionic charge on the two membrane sides

55
Q

Ligand gated channels confirmational state depends on what?

A

Binding of specific molecules

56
Q

Mecano gated channels confirmational state depends on what?

A

Mechanical forces applied to membrane

57
Q

Gradients are generated by what?

A

Active transport

58
Q

Define: Facilitated diffusion

A

Process by which the diffusion rate of a substance is increased through interaction with a substance specific membrane protein

59
Q

What molecules is facilitated diffusion used for?

A

Sugars and amino acids

60
Q

Facilitated diffusion transport involves what done to the molecule?

A

Confirmational changes

61
Q

Can facilitated transporters mediate movement of solutes in both directions?

A

Yes

62
Q

What is a facilitative transporter?

A

Transmembrane proteins that bind to specific substance and changes its confirmation so as to facilitate diffusion of the substance down its concentration gradient

63
Q

Define: Active transport

A

Energy requiring process, a substance binds to a specific transmembrane protein which changes its confirmation to allow passage of the substance through the membrane against the electrochemical gradient

64
Q

What is an active site?

A

Part of an enzyme molecule that is directly involved in binding the substrate

65
Q

What is an example of primary active transport in humans?

A

NA/K ATPase, Sodium potassium ATPase

66
Q

What does NA/K ATPase do?

A

Pumps potassium in, sodium out

67
Q

What is the ratio of sodium: potassium pumped?

A

3:2

68
Q

What type of pump is ATPase?

A

P type pump 

69
Q

Describe a P – type pump

A

Phosphorylation causes changes in confirmation an ion affinity that allowed transport against gradients

70
Q

What is an E1 conformation?

A

Ion binding sites are accessible to inside of the cell

71
Q

What is an E2 conformation?

A

Ion binding sites accessible to outside of the cell

72
Q

What is a V type pump?

A

Actively transport H across walls of cytoplasmic organelles

73
Q

What are ABC transporters?

A

ATP binding cassette

74
Q

What is co-transport?

A

Coupling transport to existing ion gradients 

75
Q

What drives cotransport of glucose?

A

Diffusion of sodium ions down concentration gradient

76
Q

What is the secondary active transport of glucose?

A

Symport

77
Q

Define: Neurons

A

Specialized cells for information transmission using changes in membrane potentials

78
Q

Define: Dendrites

A

Receive incoming information, cell body contains nucleus and metabolic centre of cell

79
Q

Define: Axon

A

Long extension for conducting outgoing impulses

80
Q

Define: Resting potential

A

Membrane potential of nerve or muscle cell subject to changes when activated

81
Q

Define: Depolarization

A

When cells stimulated, sodium channels open

82
Q

Define: Action potential

A

When cells stimulated, voltage gated sodium channels open

83
Q

Excitable membranes exhibit what type of behavior?

A

All or none

84
Q

Where are action potential is generated?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

85
Q

What does the speed of neural impulse depend on?

A

Axon diameter and weather axon is myelinated

86
Q

Define: Postsynaptic cell

A

A cell that receives neurotransmitters from another cell across a synapse

87
Q

Define: Synapse

A

Specialized junction of a neuron with its target cell

88
Q

Define: Presynaptic cell

A

A cell that sends neurotransmitters to another cell across the synapse

89
Q

Define: Synaptic cleft

A

Narrow gap between two excitable cells

BMSC 220 (13 decks)

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