Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is cell theory?
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- Cell is the structural unit of life
- Cells arise only by division from pre-existing cells
- Cells contain genetic material passed to next cell generation
9 basic properties of cells
-Cells are highly complex and organized
-cells possess genetic program and means to use it
-cells are capable of producing more of themselves
-cells acquire and utilize energy
-cells carry out chemical reactions
-cells engage in mechanical activities
-cells are able to respond to stimuli
-cells are capable of self-regulation
-cells evolve
What is the most basic property of cells?
Life
Are cellular processes regulated?
Yes, highly
Where is the genetic information stored in cells?
In chromosomes within the nucleus
How to cells reproduce?
Division, contents of mother cells into two daughter cells
Where do plants get their energy and what is it turned to?
Light to chemical energy
Where do animals get their energy?
Glucose
How is energy stored?
ATP
All chemical changes require what in living organisms?
Proteins
What is equivalent to the cell’s metabolism?
Sum of chemical reactions
Can all cells respond to stimuli?
Yes
Cells evolved from what?
LUCA
Can cells self-regulate?
Yes
Two different classes of cells?
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What are prokaryotic organisms?
Bacteria
What are eukaryotic organisms?
Plants, animals, protists, fungi
Are all cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) bounded by a plasma membrane?
Yes
How is DNA organized in prokaryotes?
A long strand, in a nuclear area in the cytosol
How is DNA organized in eukaryotes?
In chromosomes, in the nucleus
What organelles do all prokaryotes have?
Ribosomes
What organelles do all eukaryotes have?
Membrane bound organelles and cytoskeleton proteins
How to prokaryotes divide?
Simple fusion
How do eukaryotes divide?
Mitosis
Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular
Are eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
Both
Define: Archaea
Evolutionary related species that live in extremely inhospitable environments
Define: Methanogens
Convert CO2 and H2 gases into methane
Define: Halophiles
Live in salty environments, dead sea or deep sea brine pools
Define: Acidophiles
Acid-loving prokaryotes that thrive at a pH as low as 0
Define: Thermophiles
Live at high temperatures
Define: Hyperthermophile
hydrothermal vents of ocean floor up to 121 degrees
Where are most complex eukaryotic cells found?
Single-celled protists
Define: Viruses
Pathogens and intracellular obligate parasites
Define: Virion
Virus particle outside host cell, contains genetic material and protein subunits, some virions encased in lipid-membrane derived envelope
Define: Bacteriophages
Viruses that infect bacteria
Define: Viroids
Pathogens consisting of small, naked RNA molecule which can cause disease by interfering with gene expression
What is a lytic infection?
Virus redirects host into making more virus particles, host cell lyses and releases viruses
What is integration with viruses?
Virus integrates its DNA into host cell’s chromosome
What is a provirus?
Integrated viral DNA
