Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What do extra cellular messenger molecules do?

A

Transmit messages between cells

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2
Q

Autocrine cell signaling:

A

Cell has receptors on surface that respond to the messenger

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3
Q

Paracrine cell signaling:

A

Messenger molecules travel short distances through extracellular space

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4
Q

Endocrine cell signaling:

A

Messenger molecules reach their target cells through bloodstream

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5
Q

Receptor cell signaling:

A

On or in target sells receive an extra cellular message

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6
Q

Ligand cell signalling element:

A

Molecule that binds to receptors

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7
Q

What are signalling pathways?

A

Consist of a series of protein recruitments, each protein in a pathway alters confirmation of next protein normally by phosphorylation

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8
Q

What is the second messenger system?

A

Responses of a cell signal is sent through this

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9
Q

What do kinases add?

A

Phosphate groups

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10
Q

What do phosphatases do?

A

Remove phosphate groups

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11
Q

What is the purpose of target proteins?

A

Receive a message to alter cell activity

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12
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

The overall process of cell signalling

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13
Q

What does protein phosphorylation do?

A

Change the behaviour of a protein, using different methods

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14
Q

What are some extra cellular messengers?

A

Amino acids, gases, steroids, eicosanoids, peptides and proteins

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15
Q

What are some receptor types?

A

G protein coupled receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, ligand gated channels, steroid hormone receptors

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16
Q

What is the largest super family of proteins encoded by animal genomes?

A

G protein coupled receptors

17
Q

What do phospholipase do?

A

Split lipids

18
Q

What do phospholipid kinases do?

A

Phosphorylate lipids

19
Q

What do you phospholipid phosphatases do?

A

Dephosphorylate lipids

20
Q

What do protein tyrosine kinases do?

A

Phosphorylate tyrosine residues on target proteins

21
Q

What are the two groups of protein tyrosine kinases?

A

Receptor protein tyrosine kinases and non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases

22
Q

How are RTK’s activated?

A

Directly by extra cellular growth and differentiation factors

23
Q

How are non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases regulated?

A

Indirectly buy extra cellular signals

24
Q

What are the two mechanisms for receptor dimerization?

A

Ligand mediated dimerization and receptor mediated dimerization

25
Q

What is dimerization?

A

Brings to kinase domains in close contact for trans auto phosphorylation

26
Q

What is the purpose of autophosphorylation?

A

Can regulate the receptors kinase activity or serve as binding sites for cytoplasmic signalling molecules

27
Q

How is signal transduction by RTK is usually terminated?

A

By internalization of the receptor, primarily through clathrin mediated endocytosis

28
Q

What are three alternate fates of RTK‘s?

A
  1. Degraded in lysosomes
  2. Return to plasma membrane
  3. Become part of endosomal signal in complexes and engage and continued intercellular signalling