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BMSC 220 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Endomembrane system composed of?

A

ER, Golgi complex, and dissolves, lysosomes, and vacuoles

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2
Q

What is the biosynthetic pathway?

A

Proteins are synthesized in the ER, modified a Golgi complex and transported to various destinations

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3
Q

What is the secretory pathway?

A

Protein synthesized in ER are discharged from cell

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4
Q

What is the endocytic pathway?

A

Materials move from outer surface of cell to compartments, endosomes and lysozymes

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5
Q

What are the two secretion modes?

A

Consecutive secretion and regulated secretion

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6
Q

What is consecutive secretion?

A

Materials transported in secretary vesicles and discharged in continual manner

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7
Q

What is regulated secretion?

A

Materials are stored in vesicles and discharged in response to stimulus

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8
Q

Where does regulated secretion occur?

A

Endocrine cell (hormones), pancreatic acinar cells (digestive enzymes), and never cells (neurotransmitters)

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9
Q

How can secreted materials be stored?

A

In large, densely packed, membrane-bound secretory granules

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10
Q

How are proteins, lipids, and complex polysaccharides transported through the cell?

A

Along the biosynthetic or secretory pathways

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11
Q

What is autoradiography?

A

Visualize biochemical processes by radioactively labelling molecules

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12
Q

What did autoradiography show?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum as site where secretory proteins synthesis occurred

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13
Q

What are GFPs?

A

Fluorescent proteins, allows microscope’s viewing of protein movement in living cells

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14
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of membranes that penetrates much of cytoplasm and has a lumen separated from cytosol by ER membrane

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15
Q

What are the two compartments of the ER membrane?

A

The rough ER and the smooth ER

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16
Q

Describe the rough ER

A

Ribosomes bound to cytosolic surface, flattened sacs connected to neighbors, continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope

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17
Q

Describe smooth ER

A

Lacks ribosomes, membranes highly curved and tubular, continuous with RER

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18
Q

What is the SER functions?

A
  1. Steroid hormone synthesis in endocrine cells of the gonad an adrenal cortex
  2. Detoxification of organic compounds in liver
  3. Calcium ions sesquastation and regulated release
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19
Q

What is the starting point of biosynthetic pathways for secretory proteins?

A

The RER

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20
Q

What is co-translational translocation?

A

Proteins are synthesized at our ER and released into ER lumen

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21
Q

The ER bound ribosomes synthesize what?

A

Integral membrane proteins

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22
Q

How are integral membrane proteins synthesized?

A

Co translationally, and hydrophobic transmembrane segments are shunted from translocation into lipid bilayer

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23
Q

What are tail anchored proteins?

A

Lack signal sequence, are synthesized in cytoplasm, and targeted to ER through interactions with proteins in GET pathway

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24
Q

How do membranes arise?

A

From other membranes

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25
Q

What modifies membranes?

A

Enzymes

26
Q

Nearly all proteins produced on RER become what?

A

Glycoproteins

27
Q

Accumulation of miss folded proteins triggers what kind of response?

A

Unfolded protein response

28
Q

Are misfolded proteins destroyed?

A

Yes

29
Q

What is the first step in vesicular transport?

A

ER to Golgi complex

30
Q

Where are transport vesicles formed?

A

The RER has specialized exit sites

31
Q

What is the Golgi complex?

A

Stack of flattened cisternae

32
Q

What does the cis face of the Golgi face?

A

The ER

33
Q

Where is the trans face of the Golgi?

A

The opposite side of the stack

34
Q

What is the cis Golgi Network?

A

Functions to sort proteins for the ER or next Golgi station

35
Q

What is the trans Golgi network?

A

Functions in sorting proteins to plasma membrane or various intracellular destinations

36
Q

Where does assembly of carbohydrates take place?

A

In the Golgi complex

37
Q

Describe the vesicular transport model

A

Cargo shuttled from CGN to TGN in vesicles

38
Q

Describe cisternal maturation model

A

Each cistern matures as it moves from cis to trans

39
Q

How are materials carried between compartments in vesicle transport?

A

Using coated vesicles

40
Q

What are the two functions of protein coats?

A
  1. Cause membrane to curve and form vesicle
  2. Select components to be carried by vesicle
41
Q

What are COPII coated vesicles?

A

Move materials from ER forward to ER GIC intermediate compartment and Golgi complex

42
Q

What are COPI coated vesicles?

A

Move materials from ERGIC and Golgi backward to ER or from trans Golgi to cis Golgi cisternae

43
Q

What are clathrin-coated vesicles?

A

Move materials from TGN to endosomes, lysosomes, and plant vacuoles

44
Q

What do clathrin coated vesicles contain?

A

An outer lattice composed of clathrin, an inner shell composed of GGA adaptor proteins, and a G protein

45
Q

What are Rabs?

A

A family of small G proteins which cycle between an active GTP bound state and an inactive GDP bound state

46
Q

What are SNAREs?

A

Constitute family of proteins localized to specific sub cellular compartments, integral proteins that bring vesicle and target compartment in close contact

47
Q

Where are v- SNAREs found?

A

Transport vesicles

48
Q

Where are t-SNAREs found?

A

Target compartments

49
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Discharge of a secretory vesicle or granule after fusion with plasma membrane

50
Q

What is exocytosis triggered by?

A

Increase in calcium

51
Q

What is a fusion pore?

A

Contacts between vesicle and plasma membranes

52
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Single celled organisms and phagocytic white blood cell digest ingested materials by fusing phagosomes in lysozymes

53
Q

What is a phagophore?

A

Envelopes an organelle to produce a double membrane sequestering vesicle

54
Q

What is a benefit of autophagy?

A

Helps protect organism from intracellular threats and may play a role in prevention of certain types of cancers

55
Q

What are the two categories of endocytosis?

A
  1. Bulk phase endocytosis
  2. Receptor mediated endocytosis
56
Q

What is bulk phase endocytosis?

A

Nonspecific uptake of extra cellular fluid

57
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

Brings about uptake of specific extra cellular macromolecules following binding to receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane

58
Q

What is dynamin?

A

G protein required for fission of vesicles from membrane on which it forms, self assembles into helical collar

59
Q

After internalization, vesicle bound materials are transported in vesicles and tubules known as what?

A

Endosomes 

60
Q

What are low density lipoprotein’s?

A

A complex of cholesterol and proteins, LDL receptors are transported to plasma membrane and bound to a coated pit

61
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Small, membrane enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism

BMSC 220 (13 decks)

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