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BMSC 220 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Anaerobes

A

Capture and utilize energy by oxygen, independent metabolism like glycolysis and fermentation

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2
Q

Define: Aerobes

A

Use oxygen to extract more energy from organic molecules

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3
Q

In eukaryotes, using oxygen as energy takes place where?

A

In the mitochondrion

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4
Q

Mitochondria have the ability to synthesize what?

A

Proteins

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5
Q

What is mitochondrial fusion?

A

Mitochondria confused with one another

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6
Q

What is mitochondrial fission?

A

Mitochondria can split into two

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7
Q

What does the outer boundary of a mitochondria and contain?

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

What is the inner mitochondrial membrane divided into?

A

Inner boundary membrane domain and outer domain

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9
Q

Describe the inner boundary membrane domain of the mitochondria

A

Rich in proteins, responsible for import of mitochondrial proteins

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10
Q

Describe the outer boundary membrane domain of the mitochondria

A

Interior of the organelle, is a series of invaginated membraneous sheets called cristae 

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11
Q

Define: Cristae

A

Invaginated membraneous sheets

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12
Q

The members of mitochondria and divide organelles into two compartments:

A

The matrix and the inter-membrane space

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13
Q

Where is the matrix in regard to the mitochondria?

A

Within the interior of mitochondrion

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14
Q

Where is the inter-membrane space in regard to the mitochondria?

A

Second between outer and inner membrane, high protein to lipid ratio

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15
Q

What does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

A

Ribosomes and several molecules of circular DNA

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16
Q

What does mitochondrial DNA do?

A

Manufactures their own RNAs and proteins

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17
Q

Net result of glycolysis

A

Two ATP and NADH

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18
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Adenine, a ribose, and three phosphate groups

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19
Q

Does oxidation add or remove electrons?

A

Remove

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20
Q

Does reduction add or remove electrons?

A

Add

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21
Q

What do electron carriers do?

A

Find and carry high energy electrons between compounds in a pathway

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22
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

First pathway used to break down glucose for energy

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23
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytosol

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24
Q

What is the process and result of glycolysis?

A

Breaks down the six carbon ring of glucose into 2 3-carbon sugars- pyruvate

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25
Q

What is fermentation?

A

And anaerobic process, where NAD is regenerated from glucose

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26
Q

Where does fermentation happen in normal conditions?

A

In the cytosol

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27
Q

Where does fermentation happen when there is insufficient oxygen supply?

A

In the muscle

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28
Q

What do muscle cells ferment?

A

Lactate

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29
Q

What does fermentation use and produce?

A

2NADH into 2NAD

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30
Q

Where are the first steps of oxidative metabolism carried out?

A

In the cytoplasm

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31
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

Pyruvate, NADH, and to ATP

32
Q

When pyruvate transported across inner membrane and is decarboxylated, what does it form?

A

Aceto-CoA

33
Q

What is the form of pyruvate that enters the TCA cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

34
Q

What is the tri carboxylic acid cycle?

A

Kreb cycle or citric acid cycle

35
Q

What is the main source of energy for cells?

A

TCA cycle

36
Q

What does the TCA cycle do to acetal-CoA

A

Harnesses available chemical energy of acetyl-CoA into reducing power of NADH

37
Q

The two carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is condensed with what to form what

A

Condensed with four carbon oxaloacetate to form a six carbon

38
Q

What are the primary products of the TCA cycle?

A

FADH2 and NADH

39
Q

What are FADH to an NADH used for?

A

They are fed into mitochondrial ETC and used for ATP formation

40
Q

Turn the mitochondria take up all cytoplasmic NADH?

A

No

41
Q

What is done with extra NADH?

A

Glycerol phosphate shuttle – electrons transferred from cytosolic NADH into DHAP Which forms glycerol – 3P which shuttles electrons and transfers them to FAD making FADH2

42
Q

Process of ATP formation step one:

A

High energy electrons pass from NADH and FAD H2 through electron carriers that make up ETC 

43
Q

Process of ATP formation step two

A

Control the movement of protons back across membrane, chemiosmosis

44
Q

How many ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by NADH?

A

Three

45
Q

How many ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by FADH2

A

Two

46
Q

Define: Chemiosmotic mechanism

A

Mechanism for ATP synthesis where movement of electrons through etc result in a proton gradient across the bacterial, thylakoid, or inner mitochondrial membrane, with the gradient acting as high energy intermediate – linking oxidation of substrates to phosphorylation of ADP

47
Q

What kind of molecules do mitochondria extract energy from?

A

Organic molecules

48
Q

What do mitochondria use to drive the energy-requiring activities like ATP synthesis?

A

Ionic gradients

49
Q

Define: Oxidative phosphorylation

A

When ATP formation driven by energy released from electrons removed during substrate oxidation process

50
Q

Electron transport generates:

A

NADH and FADH2

51
Q

When NADH is an electron donor, electrons enter the chain at where?

A

Complex 1

52
Q

When FADH2 is an electron donor, electrons enter the chain at where?

A

Complex 2

53
Q

Define: Flavoproteins

A

Polypeptides bound to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide

54
Q

Define: Cytochromes

A

Contain heme groups bearing iron or copper

55
Q

5 types of electron carriers are?

A
  1. Flavoproteins
  2. Cytochromes
  3. 3 Copper atoms
  4. Ubiquinone
  5. Iron-sulfur proteins
56
Q

Define: 3 Copper atoms as electron carriers

A

Located within single protein complex and alternate between Cu2+/Cu3+

57
Q

Define: Ubiquinone

A

Coenzyme Q, lipid soluble molecule made of 5 carbon isoprenoid units

58
Q

Define: Iron-sulfur proteins as electron carriers

A

Iron atoms not located within heme group, instead linked to inorganic sulfide center

59
Q

How are carriers organized?

A

In order of increasingly positive redox potential

60
Q

Electrons (lose or gain) energy as they move along the ETC?

A

Lose

61
Q

What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC?

A

Oxygen

62
Q

Electron carriers can be isolated as 4 complexes which are called?

A

Complex I, II, III, IV

63
Q

Complex I function

A

Catalyzes transfer of pair of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone to form ubiquinol

64
Q

Complex II consists of:

A

2 hydrophobic subunits that anchor the protein, and 2 hydrophilic subunits that comprise succinate dehydrogenase

65
Q

Complex II purpose:

A

Provides pathway for feeding lower-energy electrons from succinate to FAD to ubiquinone

66
Q

In complex II, the path from FADH2 to ubiquinone uses what?

A

electrons through 3 iron-sulfur clusters

67
Q

Complex III purpose:

A

Catalyzes transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome C

68
Q

Proton releasing 2 steps in complex III

A
  1. Two protons derived from molecule of ubiquinol that entered the complex
  2. Two protons are removed from matrix and translocated as part of a second molecule of ubiquinol
69
Q

What is the final step of the ETC?

A

Transfer of electrons from reduced cytochrome to oxygenn

70
Q

Complex IV purpose:

A

Oxygen reduction catalyzed by complex IV

71
Q

Complex IV consists of:

A

Huge assembly of subunits known as cytochrome oxidase, which is a redox-driven proton pump

72
Q

For every oxygen molecule that is reduced, what happens to them?

A

4 are consumed to 2 molecules, and 4 are translocated to the intermembrane space

73
Q

What are the two components of the Proton-motive force?

A
  1. Concentration gradient between matrix and intermembrane space creates pH gradient
  2. Separation of charge across membrane creates on electric potential
74
Q

Proton-motive force can be used to pull what into the mitochondrion?

A

Calcium

75
Q

Describe the structure of ATP synthase

A

F1 particle is catalytic subunit, contains 3 catalytic sites for ATP synthesis, and F0 particle attaches to F1 and is embedded in inner membrane

76
Q

Mitochondria rely on what for energy?

A

Proton-motive force

77
Q

Proton-motive force drive uptake of what?

A

ADP and Pi into mitochondria in exchange for ATP and H

BMSC 220 (13 decks)

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