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BMSC 220 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Anaerobes

A

Capture and utilize energy by oxygen, independent metabolism like glycolysis and fermentation

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2
Q

Define: Aerobes

A

Use oxygen to extract more energy from organic molecules

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3
Q

In eukaryotes, using oxygen as energy takes place where?

A

In the mitochondrion

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4
Q

Mitochondria have the ability to synthesize what?

A

Proteins

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5
Q

What is mitochondrial fusion?

A

Mitochondria confused with one another

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6
Q

What is mitochondrial fission?

A

Mitochondria can split into two

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7
Q

What does the outer boundary of a mitochondria and contain?

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

What is the inner mitochondrial membrane divided into?

A

Inner boundary membrane domain and outer domain

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9
Q

Describe the inner boundary membrane domain of the mitochondria

A

Rich in proteins, responsible for import of mitochondrial proteins

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10
Q

Describe the outer boundary membrane domain of the mitochondria

A

Interior of the organelle, is a series of invaginated membraneous sheets called cristae 

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11
Q

Define: Cristae

A

Invaginated membraneous sheets

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12
Q

The members of mitochondria and divide organelles into two compartments:

A

The matrix and the inter-membrane space

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13
Q

Where is the matrix in regard to the mitochondria?

A

Within the interior of mitochondrion

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14
Q

Where is the inter-membrane space in regard to the mitochondria?

A

Second between outer and inner membrane, high protein to lipid ratio

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15
Q

What does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

A

Ribosomes and several molecules of circular DNA

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16
Q

What does mitochondrial DNA do?

A

Manufactures their own RNAs and proteins

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17
Q

Net result of glycolysis

A

Two ATP and NADH

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18
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Adenine, a ribose, and three phosphate groups

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19
Q

Does oxidation add or remove electrons?

A

Remove

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20
Q

Does reduction add or remove electrons?

A

Add

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21
Q

What do electron carriers do?

A

Find and carry high energy electrons between compounds in a pathway

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22
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

First pathway used to break down glucose for energy

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23
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytosol

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24
Q

What is the process and result of glycolysis?

A

Breaks down the six carbon ring of glucose into 2 3-carbon sugars- pyruvate

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25
What is fermentation?
And anaerobic process, where NAD is regenerated from glucose
26
Where does fermentation happen in normal conditions?
In the cytosol
27
Where does fermentation happen when there is insufficient oxygen supply?
In the muscle
28
What do muscle cells ferment?
Lactate
29
What does fermentation use and produce?
2NADH into 2NAD
30
Where are the first steps of oxidative metabolism carried out?
In the cytoplasm
31
What does glycolysis produce?
Pyruvate, NADH, and to ATP
32
When pyruvate transported across inner membrane and is decarboxylated, what does it form?
Aceto-CoA
33
What is the form of pyruvate that enters the TCA cycle
Acetyl CoA
34
What is the tri carboxylic acid cycle?
Kreb cycle or citric acid cycle
35
What is the main source of energy for cells?
TCA cycle
36
What does the TCA cycle do to acetal-CoA
Harnesses available chemical energy of acetyl-CoA into reducing power of NADH
37
The two carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is condensed with what to form what
Condensed with four carbon oxaloacetate to form a six carbon
38
What are the primary products of the TCA cycle?
FADH2 and NADH
39
What are FADH to an NADH used for?
They are fed into mitochondrial ETC and used for ATP formation
40
Turn the mitochondria take up all cytoplasmic NADH?
No
41
What is done with extra NADH?
Glycerol phosphate shuttle – electrons transferred from cytosolic NADH into DHAP Which forms glycerol – 3P which shuttles electrons and transfers them to FAD making FADH2
42
Process of ATP formation step one:
High energy electrons pass from NADH and FAD H2 through electron carriers that make up ETC 
43
Process of ATP formation step two
Control the movement of protons back across membrane, chemiosmosis
44
How many ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by NADH?
Three
45
How many ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by FADH2
Two
46
Define: Chemiosmotic mechanism
Mechanism for ATP synthesis where movement of electrons through etc result in a proton gradient across the bacterial, thylakoid, or inner mitochondrial membrane, with the gradient acting as high energy intermediate – linking oxidation of substrates to phosphorylation of ADP
47
What kind of molecules do mitochondria extract energy from?
Organic molecules
48
What do mitochondria use to drive the energy-requiring activities like ATP synthesis?
Ionic gradients
49
Define: Oxidative phosphorylation
When ATP formation driven by energy released from electrons removed during substrate oxidation process
50
Electron transport generates:
NADH and FADH2
51
When NADH is an electron donor, electrons enter the chain at where?
Complex 1
52
When FADH2 is an electron donor, electrons enter the chain at where?
Complex 2
53
Define: Flavoproteins
Polypeptides bound to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide
54
Define: Cytochromes
Contain heme groups bearing iron or copper
55
5 types of electron carriers are?
1. Flavoproteins 2. Cytochromes 3. 3 Copper atoms 4. Ubiquinone 5. Iron-sulfur proteins
56
Define: 3 Copper atoms as electron carriers
Located within single protein complex and alternate between Cu2+/Cu3+
57
Define: Ubiquinone
Coenzyme Q, lipid soluble molecule made of 5 carbon isoprenoid units
58
Define: Iron-sulfur proteins as electron carriers
Iron atoms not located within heme group, instead linked to inorganic sulfide center
59
How are carriers organized?
In order of increasingly positive redox potential
60
Electrons (lose or gain) energy as they move along the ETC?
Lose
61
What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC?
Oxygen
62
Electron carriers can be isolated as 4 complexes which are called?
Complex I, II, III, IV
63
Complex I function
Catalyzes transfer of pair of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone to form ubiquinol
64
Complex II consists of:
2 hydrophobic subunits that anchor the protein, and 2 hydrophilic subunits that comprise succinate dehydrogenase
65
Complex II purpose:
Provides pathway for feeding lower-energy electrons from succinate to FAD to ubiquinone
66
In complex II, the path from FADH2 to ubiquinone uses what?
electrons through 3 iron-sulfur clusters
67
Complex III purpose:
Catalyzes transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome C
68
Proton releasing 2 steps in complex III
1. Two protons derived from molecule of ubiquinol that entered the complex 2. Two protons are removed from matrix and translocated as part of a second molecule of ubiquinol
69
What is the final step of the ETC?
Transfer of electrons from reduced cytochrome to oxygenn
70
Complex IV purpose:
Oxygen reduction catalyzed by complex IV
71
Complex IV consists of:
Huge assembly of subunits known as cytochrome oxidase, which is a redox-driven proton pump
72
For every oxygen molecule that is reduced, what happens to them?
4 are consumed to 2 molecules, and 4 are translocated to the intermembrane space
73
What are the two components of the Proton-motive force?
1. Concentration gradient between matrix and intermembrane space creates pH gradient 2. Separation of charge across membrane creates on electric potential
74
Proton-motive force can be used to pull what into the mitochondrion?
Calcium
75
Describe the structure of ATP synthase
F1 particle is catalytic subunit, contains 3 catalytic sites for ATP synthesis, and F0 particle attaches to F1 and is embedded in inner membrane
76
Mitochondria rely on what for energy?
Proton-motive force
77
Proton-motive force drive uptake of what?
ADP and Pi into mitochondria in exchange for ATP and H

BMSC 220 (13 decks)

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