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BMSC 220 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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2
Q

How long does M phase last?

A

About 1 hour

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3
Q

What does M phase consist of?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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4
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Replications of chromosomes, prepares for cell division

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5
Q

How long is interphase?

A

Days, weeks, or longer

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6
Q

What does interphase consist of?

A

G, S, G2

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7
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Metabolic activity and growth

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8
Q

When does G1 take place?

A

Between end of mitosis and beginning of DNA replication

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9
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA replication, growth, metabolic activity

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10
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

Metabolic activity, growth, prep for cell division

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11
Q

When does G2 happen?

A

Between end of S and beginning of mitosis

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12
Q

3 types of cell cycles in vivo:

A
  • nerve cells, muscle cells, rbc
  • liver cells and lymphocytes
  • skin, epithelia, plant apical meristems
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13
Q

Nerve cell, muscle cell, rbc cell cycle:

A

Highly specializedm lack ability to divide

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14
Q

Liver cells and lymphocyte cell cycle:

A

Cells that do not normally divide but can be induced to divide if given stimulus

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15
Q

Skin, epithelia, plant apical meristem cell cycle:

A

Cells that normally posses high level of mitosis

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16
Q

What is the major control of cell cycle?

A

Initiation of DNA replication of mitosis

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17
Q

What protein is essential in control of cell cycle?

A

Protein kinases

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18
Q

What triggers M phase?

A

Activation of a protein kinase maturation promoting factor (MPF)

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19
Q

What are the two subunits of MPF?

A

Protein kinase and regulatory subunit cyclin

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20
Q

What activates protein kinase?

A

Increased concentration of cyclin

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21
Q

Progress of cell cycle monitored through: (3)

A

1) Sensors
2) Transmitters
3) Effectors

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22
Q

What do sensors do in cell cycle monitoring?

A

Detect chromosome abnormalities

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23
Q

What do transmitters do in cell cycle monitoring?

A

Signal information

24
Q

What do effectors do in cell cycle monitoring?

A

Inhibit cell cycle machinery

25
Q

What is the first phase of mitosis?

A

Prophase

26
Q

Summary of prophase:

A
  1. Chromosome material condenses to form compact target chromosomes
  2. Cytoskeleton is disassembled and mitotic spindle is assembled
  3. Golgi complex and ER fragment, nuclear envelope disperses
27
Q

When is the mitotic spindle assembled?

A

Prophase

28
Q

What do chromosomes look like in prophase?

A

Two chromatids attached together at centromere

29
Q

What is condensin?

A

Protein responsible for compaction

30
Q

Each mitotic chromosome consists of what?

A

Two chromatids

31
Q

What does SMC stand for?

A

Structural maintenance of chromosomes

32
Q

What to do SMC proteins do?

A

Hold back on themselves to form highly elongated anti-parallel coiled coil with domain at N and C terminal

33
Q

What do centromere serve as?

A

Binding site for protein

34
Q

What are kinetochores?

A

Sites were chromosomes attach to microtubules of mitotic spindle

35
Q

When is the nuclear envelope disassembled?

A

Prophase

36
Q

Prometaphase summary:

A
  1. Chromosomal microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes
  2. Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator
37
Q

When is the mitotic spindle formed?

A

Prometaphase

38
Q

Metaphase summary:

A

Chromosomes are aligned along metaphase plate, attached by chromosomal microtubules to both poles

39
Q

When are the chromosomes align completely at spindle equator?

A

Metaphase

40
Q

What are three microtubule groups?

A
  1. Astral microtubules
  2. Chromosome all microtubules
  3. Polar microtubules
41
Q

What is the function of astral microtubules?

A

Radiate from centrosomes to region outside spindle body

42
Q

What is the function of chromosomal microtubules?

A

Move chromosomes to the poles

43
Q

What is the function of polar microtubules?

A

To maintain the integrity of the spindle

44
Q

Anaphase summary:

A
  1. Centromere split, chromatids separate
  2. Chromosomes move to opposite spindle poles
  3. Spindle poles move farther apart
45
Q

What is the function of proteins separase?

A

Go to cleave cohesion molecule that holds sister chromatids together

46
Q

What happens in anaphase a?

A

Movement of chromosomes towards poles

47
Q

What happens in anaphase b?

A

Two spindle poles move in opposite directions to the elongation of microtubules

48
Q

Where does the spindle assembly checkpoint exist?

A

Add metaphase/anaphase transition to check for misaligned chromosomes

49
Q

Telophase summary:

A
  1. Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles
  2. Chromosomes become dispersed
  3. Nuclear envelope assembles around chromosome clusters
  4. Golgi complex and ER form
  5. Daughter cells formed by cytokinesis
50
Q

What’s the final stage of mitosis?

A

Telophase

51
Q

When do daughter cells return to enter phase?

A

And telophase

52
Q

When does the mitotic spindle disassemble completely?

A

Telophase

53
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Process where one cell is divided into two daughter cells

54
Q

During meiosis how many cell divisions occur?

A

2

55
Q

What happens in meiosis one?

A

Homologous Chromosomes pair, then segregate ensuring daughter cells recruit a full haploid set of chromosomes

56
Q

What happens in meiosis two?

A

Sister chromatids are separated

BMSC 220 (13 decks)

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