Chapter 14

Question 1

What happens in M phase?

Answer 1

Mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 2

How long does M phase last?

Answer 2

About 1 hour

Question 3

What does M phase consist of?

Answer 3

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Question 4

What happens in interphase?

Answer 4

Replications of chromosomes, prepares for cell division

Question 5

How long is interphase?

Answer 5

Days, weeks, or longer

Question 6

What does interphase consist of?

Answer 6

G, S, G2

Question 7

What happens in G1?

Answer 7

Metabolic activity and growth

Question 8

When does G1 take place?

Answer 8

Between end of mitosis and beginning of DNA replication

Question 9

What happens in S phase?

Answer 9

DNA replication, growth, metabolic activity

Question 10

What happens in G2 phase?

Answer 10

Metabolic activity, growth, prep for cell division

Question 11

When does G2 happen?

Answer 11

Between end of S and beginning of mitosis

Question 12

3 types of cell cycles in vivo:

Answer 12

• nerve cells, muscle cells, rbc
• liver cells and lymphocytes
• skin, epithelia, plant apical meristems

Question 13

Nerve cell, muscle cell, rbc cell cycle:

Answer 13

Highly specializedm lack ability to divide

Question 14

Liver cells and lymphocyte cell cycle:

Answer 14

Cells that do not normally divide but can be induced to divide if given stimulus

Question 15

Skin, epithelia, plant apical meristem cell cycle:

Answer 15

Cells that normally posses high level of mitosis

Question 16

What is the major control of cell cycle?

Answer 16

Initiation of DNA replication of mitosis

Question 17

What protein is essential in control of cell cycle?

Answer 17

Protein kinases

Question 18

What triggers M phase?

Answer 18

Activation of a protein kinase maturation promoting factor (MPF)

Question 19

What are the two subunits of MPF?

Answer 19

Protein kinase and regulatory subunit cyclin

Question 20

What activates protein kinase?

Answer 20

Increased concentration of cyclin

Question 21

Progress of cell cycle monitored through: (3)

Answer 21

1) Sensors
2) Transmitters
3) Effectors

Question 22

What do sensors do in cell cycle monitoring?

Answer 22

Detect chromosome abnormalities

Question 23

What do transmitters do in cell cycle monitoring?

Answer 23

Signal information

Question 24

What do effectors do in cell cycle monitoring?

Answer 24

Inhibit cell cycle machinery

Question 25

What is the first phase of mitosis?

Answer 25

Prophase

Question 26

Summary of prophase:

Answer 26

1. Chromosome material condenses to form compact target chromosomes 2. Cytoskeleton is disassembled and mitotic spindle is assembled 3. Golgi complex and ER fragment, nuclear envelope disperses

Question 27

When is the mitotic spindle assembled?

Answer 27

Prophase

Question 28

What do chromosomes look like in prophase?

Answer 28

Two chromatids attached together at centromere

Question 29

What is condensin?

Answer 29

Protein responsible for compaction

Question 30

Each mitotic chromosome consists of what?

Answer 30

Two chromatids

Question 31

What does SMC stand for?

Answer 31

Structural maintenance of chromosomes

Question 32

What to do SMC proteins do?

Answer 32

Hold back on themselves to form highly elongated anti-parallel coiled coil with domain at N and C terminal

Question 33

What do centromere serve as?

Answer 33

Binding site for protein

Question 34

What are kinetochores?

Answer 34

Sites were chromosomes attach to microtubules of mitotic spindle

Question 35

When is the nuclear envelope disassembled?

Answer 35

Prophase

Question 36

Prometaphase summary:

Answer 36

1. Chromosomal microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes 2. Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator

Question 37

When is the mitotic spindle formed?

Answer 37

Prometaphase

Question 38

Metaphase summary:

Answer 38

Chromosomes are aligned along metaphase plate, attached by chromosomal microtubules to both poles

Question 39

When are the chromosomes align completely at spindle equator?

Answer 39

Metaphase

Question 40

What are three microtubule groups?

Answer 40

1. Astral microtubules 2. Chromosome all microtubules 3. Polar microtubules

Question 41

What is the function of astral microtubules?

Answer 41

Radiate from centrosomes to region outside spindle body

Question 42

What is the function of chromosomal microtubules?

Answer 42

Move chromosomes to the poles

Question 43

What is the function of polar microtubules?

Answer 43

To maintain the integrity of the spindle

Question 44

Anaphase summary:

Answer 44

1. Centromere split, chromatids separate 2. Chromosomes move to opposite spindle poles 3. Spindle poles move farther apart

Question 45

What is the function of proteins separase?

Answer 45

Go to cleave cohesion molecule that holds sister chromatids together

Question 46

What happens in anaphase a?

Answer 46

Movement of chromosomes towards poles

Question 47

What happens in anaphase b?

Answer 47

Two spindle poles move in opposite directions to the elongation of microtubules

Question 48

Where does the spindle assembly checkpoint exist?

Answer 48

Add metaphase/anaphase transition to check for misaligned chromosomes

Question 49

Telophase summary:

Answer 49

1. Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles 2. Chromosomes become dispersed 3. Nuclear envelope assembles around chromosome clusters 4. Golgi complex and ER form 5. Daughter cells formed by cytokinesis

Question 50

What’s the final stage of mitosis?

Answer 50

Telophase

Question 51

When do daughter cells return to enter phase?

Answer 51

And telophase

Question 52

When does the mitotic spindle disassemble completely?

Answer 52

Telophase

Question 53

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 53

Process where one cell is divided into two daughter cells

Question 54

During meiosis how many cell divisions occur?

Answer 54

2

Question 55

What happens in meiosis one?

Answer 55

Homologous Chromosomes pair, then segregate ensuring daughter cells recruit a full haploid set of chromosomes

Question 56

What happens in meiosis two?

Answer 56

Sister chromatids are separated