Chapter 2

Question 1

What is hypothesized that the earliest cells were made up of?

Answer 1

Nucleic acids and membrane

Question 2

Who simulated earths atmosphere?

Answer 2

Urey and Miller

Question 3

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 3

A pair of electrons shared between atoms

Question 4

When is an atom most stable?

Answer 4

When the outer most electron shell is filled

Question 5

What are polar molecules?

Answer 5

Molecules with a symmetric distribution of charge

Question 6

What are non-polar molecules?

Answer 6

Molecules that lack electronegative atoms and strongly polarized bonds

Question 7

What 3 kinds of non-covalent bonds are there?

Answer 7

1. Ionic bonds
2. Hydrogen bonds
3. Van der Waals forces

Question 8

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 8

Attraction between charged atoms

Question 9

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 9

Partially positive when covalently bonded to electronegative atom, can approach second electronegative atom to form hydrogen bonds

Question 10

What are Van der Waals forces?

Answer 10

Hydrophobic interaction, non-polar molecules lack charged regions and forced into aggregates to reduce water exposure

Question 11

Does an acid release or accept protons?

Answer 11

Release protons

Question 12

Does a base release or accept protons?

Answer 12

Accepts protons

Question 13

What are amphoteric molecules?

Answer 13

Act as either acid or base

Question 14

What is a buffer?

Answer 14

Resist changes in pH

Question 15

How is acidity measured?

Answer 15

Measured in the pH scale

Question 16

What are the four macromolecules?

Answer 16

Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and certain lipids

Question 17

Define: Carbohydrates

Answer 17

Includes simple sugars and all larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks

Question 18

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Answer 18

Stores of chemical energy and as material for biological construction

Question 19

Why are sugars highly water soluble?

Answer 19

Due to hydroxyl groups

Question 20

Define: Polysaccharides 

Answer 20

Identical sugar monomers but different properties, polymers of sugars joint by glycostatic bond

Question 21

Define: Glycogen

Answer 21

Animal product, made of branched glucose polymers

Question 22

Define: Starch

Answer 22

Plant product, branched and unbranched glucose polymers

Question 23

What can lipids dissolve in?

Answer 23

Organic solvents

Question 24

What are three types of lipids?

Answer 24

Fats, steroids, and phospholipids

Question 25

Describe lipid structure 

Answer 25

Glycerol linked by Esther bonds to three fatty acids

Question 26

What fatty acids are considered saturated? (Double bond, no double bond)

Answer 26

No double bond

Question 27

What fatty acids are considered unsaturated? (Double bond, no double bond)

Answer 27

Double bond

Question 28

What is the structure of a steroid?

Answer 28

Felt around for rent hydrocarbon skeleton

Question 29

What is the precursor for steroid hormones? 

Answer 29

Cholesterol

Question 30

What are the steroid hormones?

Answer 30

Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

Question 31

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

Answer 31

Two fatty acid chains, third hydroxyl of glycerol bonded to phosphate group, resembles fat

Question 32

What macromolecule carries out the cells activity?

Answer 32

Proteins

Question 33

What are the two building blocks of a protein?

Answer 33

Amino acids and side chains

Question 34

What do all amino acids have?

Answer 34

Carboxyl and amino group, separated by single carbon atom

Question 35

What helps stabilize proteins shape?

Answer 35

Disulphide bridges

Question 36

What is the driving force during protein folding and stability?

Answer 36

Hydrophobic interactions

Question 37

Define: Primary structure of proteins

Answer 37

Amino acid sequence of the proteins, linear sequence of amino acid that constitutes the chain

Question 38

Define: Secondary structure of proteins

Answer 38

Confirmation of portions of the polypeptide chain

Question 39

Define: Tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 39

Confirmation of entire polypeptide

Question 40

What was the first tertiary to structure that was determined?

Answer 40

Myoglobin

Question 41

How is tertiary structure most categorized?

Answer 41

By shape as fibrous proteins that are elongated, or globular which are compact

Question 42

Define: Quaternary structure

Answer 42

Proteins composed of subunits

Question 43

Define: Denaturation

Answer 43

Unfolding of a protein

Question 44

What can cause denaturation?

Answer 44

Detergents, organic solvents, radiation, heat, and compounds like urea

Question 45

Define: Proteome

Answer 45

Entire inventory of proteins that is produced by an organism and is applied to inventory of all proteins also present in partial tissue, cell, cellular organelle

Question 46

Define: Proteonomics 

Answer 46

Coined to describe expanding field of proteins biochemistry

Question 47

Define: Nucleic acids

Answer 47

Polymers of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information

Question 48

DNA stands for:

Answer 48

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 49

RNA stands for:

Answer 49

Ribonucleic acid

Question 50

What is the genetic material in some viruses?

Answer 50

RNA

Question 51

What holds genetic information in all cellular organisms and some viruses?

Answer 51

DNA

Question 52

What does each nucleotide consist of?

Answer 52

A five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base