Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is hypothesized that the earliest cells were made up of?
Nucleic acids and membrane
Who simulated earths atmosphere?
Urey and Miller
What is a covalent bond?
A pair of electrons shared between atoms
When is an atom most stable?
When the outer most electron shell is filled
What are polar molecules?
Molecules with a symmetric distribution of charge
What are non-polar molecules?
Molecules that lack electronegative atoms and strongly polarized bonds
What 3 kinds of non-covalent bonds are there?
- Ionic bonds
- Hydrogen bonds
- Van der Waals forces
What is an ionic bond?
Attraction between charged atoms
What is a hydrogen bond?
Partially positive when covalently bonded to electronegative atom, can approach second electronegative atom to form hydrogen bonds
What are Van der Waals forces?
Hydrophobic interaction, non-polar molecules lack charged regions and forced into aggregates to reduce water exposure
Does an acid release or accept protons?
Release protons
Does a base release or accept protons?
Accepts protons
What are amphoteric molecules?
Act as either acid or base
What is a buffer?
Resist changes in pH
How is acidity measured?
Measured in the pH scale
What are the four macromolecules?
Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and certain lipids
Define: Carbohydrates
Includes simple sugars and all larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Stores of chemical energy and as material for biological construction
Why are sugars highly water soluble?
Due to hydroxyl groups
Define: Polysaccharides 
Identical sugar monomers but different properties, polymers of sugars joint by glycostatic bond
Define: Glycogen
Animal product, made of branched glucose polymers
Define: Starch
Plant product, branched and unbranched glucose polymers
What can lipids dissolve in?
Organic solvents
What are three types of lipids?
Fats, steroids, and phospholipids
Describe lipid structure 
Glycerol linked by Esther bonds to three fatty acids
What fatty acids are considered saturated? (Double bond, no double bond)
No double bond
What fatty acids are considered unsaturated? (Double bond, no double bond)
Double bond
What is the structure of a steroid?
Felt around for rent hydrocarbon skeleton
What is the precursor for steroid hormones? 
Cholesterol
What are the steroid hormones?
Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
Two fatty acid chains, third hydroxyl of glycerol bonded to phosphate group, resembles fat
What macromolecule carries out the cells activity?
Proteins
What are the two building blocks of a protein?
Amino acids and side chains
What do all amino acids have?
Carboxyl and amino group, separated by single carbon atom
What helps stabilize proteins shape?
Disulphide bridges
What is the driving force during protein folding and stability?
Hydrophobic interactions
Define: Primary structure of proteins
Amino acid sequence of the proteins, linear sequence of amino acid that constitutes the chain
Define: Secondary structure of proteins
Confirmation of portions of the polypeptide chain
Define: Tertiary structure of proteins
Confirmation of entire polypeptide
What was the first tertiary to structure that was determined?
Myoglobin
How is tertiary structure most categorized?
By shape as fibrous proteins that are elongated, or globular which are compact
Define: Quaternary structure
Proteins composed of subunits
Define: Denaturation
Unfolding of a protein
What can cause denaturation?
Detergents, organic solvents, radiation, heat, and compounds like urea
Define: Proteome
Entire inventory of proteins that is produced by an organism and is applied to inventory of all proteins also present in partial tissue, cell, cellular organelle
Define: Proteonomics 
Coined to describe expanding field of proteins biochemistry
Define: Nucleic acids
Polymers of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information
DNA stands for:
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA stands for:
Ribonucleic acid
What is the genetic material in some viruses?
RNA
What holds genetic information in all cellular organisms and some viruses?
DNA
What does each nucleotide consist of?
A five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
