Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMSC 220 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypothesized that the earliest cells were made up of?

A

Nucleic acids and membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who simulated earths atmosphere?

A

Urey and Miller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A pair of electrons shared between atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When is an atom most stable?

A

When the outer most electron shell is filled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are polar molecules?

A

Molecules with a symmetric distribution of charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are non-polar molecules?

A

Molecules that lack electronegative atoms and strongly polarized bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 3 kinds of non-covalent bonds are there?

A
  1. Ionic bonds
  2. Hydrogen bonds
  3. Van der Waals forces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Attraction between charged atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Partially positive when covalently bonded to electronegative atom, can approach second electronegative atom to form hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Van der Waals forces?

A

Hydrophobic interaction, non-polar molecules lack charged regions and forced into aggregates to reduce water exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does an acid release or accept protons?

A

Release protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Does a base release or accept protons?

A

Accepts protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are amphoteric molecules?

A

Act as either acid or base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Resist changes in pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is acidity measured?

A

Measured in the pH scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and certain lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define: Carbohydrates

A

Includes simple sugars and all larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

Stores of chemical energy and as material for biological construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are sugars highly water soluble?

A

Due to hydroxyl groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define: Polysaccharides 

A

Identical sugar monomers but different properties, polymers of sugars joint by glycostatic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define: Glycogen

A

Animal product, made of branched glucose polymers

22
Q

Define: Starch

A

Plant product, branched and unbranched glucose polymers

23
Q

What can lipids dissolve in?

A

Organic solvents

24
Q

What are three types of lipids?

A

Fats, steroids, and phospholipids

25
Q

Describe lipid structure 

A

Glycerol linked by Esther bonds to three fatty acids

26
Q

What fatty acids are considered saturated? (Double bond, no double bond)

A

No double bond

27
Q

What fatty acids are considered unsaturated? (Double bond, no double bond)

A

Double bond

28
Q

What is the structure of a steroid?

A

Felt around for rent hydrocarbon skeleton

29
Q

What is the precursor for steroid hormones? 

A

Cholesterol

30
Q

What are the steroid hormones?

A

Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

31
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

Two fatty acid chains, third hydroxyl of glycerol bonded to phosphate group, resembles fat

32
Q

What macromolecule carries out the cells activity?

A

Proteins

33
Q

What are the two building blocks of a protein?

A

Amino acids and side chains

34
Q

What do all amino acids have?

A

Carboxyl and amino group, separated by single carbon atom

35
Q

What helps stabilize proteins shape?

A

Disulphide bridges

36
Q

What is the driving force during protein folding and stability?

A

Hydrophobic interactions

37
Q

Define: Primary structure of proteins

A

Amino acid sequence of the proteins, linear sequence of amino acid that constitutes the chain

38
Q

Define: Secondary structure of proteins

A

Confirmation of portions of the polypeptide chain

39
Q

Define: Tertiary structure of proteins

A

Confirmation of entire polypeptide

40
Q

What was the first tertiary to structure that was determined?

A

Myoglobin

41
Q

How is tertiary structure most categorized?

A

By shape as fibrous proteins that are elongated, or globular which are compact

42
Q

Define: Quaternary structure

A

Proteins composed of subunits

43
Q

Define: Denaturation

A

Unfolding of a protein

44
Q

What can cause denaturation?

A

Detergents, organic solvents, radiation, heat, and compounds like urea

45
Q

Define: Proteome

A

Entire inventory of proteins that is produced by an organism and is applied to inventory of all proteins also present in partial tissue, cell, cellular organelle

46
Q

Define: Proteonomics 

A

Coined to describe expanding field of proteins biochemistry

47
Q

Define: Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information

48
Q

DNA stands for:

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

49
Q

RNA stands for:

A

Ribonucleic acid

50
Q

What is the genetic material in some viruses?

A

RNA

51
Q

What holds genetic information in all cellular organisms and some viruses?

A

DNA

52
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A

A five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

BMSC 220 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions