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BMSC 220 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is supercoiled DNA?

A

DNA that is more compact than its relaxed counterpart

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2
Q

Underwound DNA is (negatively or positively) supercoiled?

A

Negatively

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3
Q

Overwound DNA is (negatively or positively) supercoiled?

A

Positively

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4
Q

What is the purpose of underwound DNA?

A

To allow chromosomes to fit within the nucleus

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5
Q

Type I topisomerases do what?

A

Change the supercoiled state by creating a transient break in one strand of the duplex

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6
Q

Type II topisomerases do what?

A

Make a transient break in both strands of the DNA duplex, can also tie a DNA molecule into knots or untie DNA knots

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7
Q

Define: Transient

A

Lasting for a short time

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8
Q

Define: Denaturation

A

Ability to separate into its separate components

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9
Q

Thermal denaturation

A

DNA melting

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10
Q

How can you monitor thermal denaturation?

A

The increase in absorbance of UV light by dissolved DNA

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11
Q

Higher the GC content (higher or lower) the melting temp?

A

Higher

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12
Q

Higher AT (higher or lower) the melting temp?

A

Lower

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13
Q

Define: Renaturation

A

When single-stranded DNA molecules are capable of reassociating

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14
Q

Reannealing is also known as

A

Renaturation

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15
Q

What are the 3 broad classes of DNA sequences?

A
  • highly repeated fraction
  • moderately repeated fraction
  • nonrepeated fraction
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16
Q

Highly repeated DNA sequences represent how much total DNA?

A

1-10%

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17
Q

What are satellite DNAs?

A

Short sequences that tend to evolve very rapidly

18
Q

What are minisatellite DNAs?

A

Unstable and tend to be variable in the population; form the basis of DNA fingerprinting

19
Q

What are microsatellite DNAs?

A

Shortest sequences and typically found in small clusters; implicated in genetic disorders

20
Q

FISH stands for

A

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

21
Q

What are FISH?

A

Fluorescent probes are generated towards a specific DNA sequence which allows determination of its location within the genome

22
Q

What are FISH commonly used for?

A

Visualize repetitive sequences like that found in satellite DNA localized in the centromeric regions of chromosome, or determining location of single copy genes

23
Q

SINEs stand for:

A

Short Interspersed Elements

24
Q

LINEs stand for:

A

Long Interspersed Elements

25
Q

Where are noncoding elements found in the genome?

A

Throughout the genome, and grouped into SINEs or LINEs

26
Q

What is polyploidization?

A

Whole-genome duplication

27
Q

What is Whole-genome duplication?

A

offspring that have 4 chromosome homologs rather than 2

28
Q

Where are whole-genome duplication typically found?

A

In higher order plants

29
Q

Mechanism is whole-genome duplication

A

2 related species can mate to form a hybrid organism with the combined chromosomes from both parents

30
Q

How can duplication occur in DNA sequences?

A

Unequal crossing, plays role in evolution

31
Q

What are pseudogenes?

A

Genes that resemble active genes but are inactive

32
Q

Where can DNA duplication occur?

A

Within a portion of a single chromosome

33
Q

What are transposons?

A

Jumping genes

34
Q

Transposons require what? (3)

A
  • transposase enzyme
  • certain sequences that are transposon sequence
  • target site
35
Q

Transposable elements appear to have done what?

A

Given rise to genes and advanced eukaryotes

36
Q

How many genes does a human have approximately?

A

20,000

37
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

When a single gene can encode a number of related proteins

38
Q

What are microRNAs?

A

Noncoding RNAs that can have gene regulatory functions

39
Q

Define: Intergenic

A

Majority of the genome lies between protein coding genes and is intergenic

40
Q

What are structural variants?

A

Large changes range from hundreds to millions of base pairs in length

BMSC 220 (13 decks)

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