Chapter 9 Flashcards
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates us to satisfy the need
drive-reduction theory
a basic bodily requirement (need for food or water)
physiological need
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
homeostasis
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
incentive
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
Yerkes-Dodson law
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs. These basic needs must be satisfied before higher-safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active.
hierarchy of needs
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body issues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
glucose
the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.
set point
the body’s resting rate of energy output
basal metabolic rate
defined as a body mass index of 30 or higher, which is calculated from our weight-to-height ratio
obesity
the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group
need to belong
the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
self-determination theory
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
ostracism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
narcissism
a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.
achievement motivation
in psychology, passion, and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
grit
the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake
intrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
extrinsic motivation
a response of the whole organism, involving bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
emotion
the theory that our experience of emotion occurs when we become aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
James-Lange theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
Schachter and Singer’s theory that to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
two-factor theory
a machine often used in attempts to detect lies that measures emotion-linked changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing
polygraph
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
facial feedback effect
