Chapter 9

Question 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates us to satisfy the need

Answer 2

drive-reduction theory

Question 3

a basic bodily requirement (need for food or water)

Answer 3

physiological need

Question 4

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Answer 4

homeostasis

Question 5

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Answer 5

incentive

Question 6

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

Answer 6

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 7

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs. These basic needs must be satisfied before higher-safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active.

Answer 7

hierarchy of needs

Question 8

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body issues. When its level is low, we feel hunger

Answer 8

glucose

Question 9

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.

Answer 9

set point

Question 10

the body’s resting rate of energy output

Answer 10

basal metabolic rate

Question 11

defined as a body mass index of 30 or higher, which is calculated from our weight-to-height ratio

Answer 11

obesity

Question 12

the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

Answer 12

need to belong

Question 13

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Answer 13

self-determination theory

Question 14

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Answer 14

ostracism

Question 15

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Answer 15

narcissism

Question 16

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.

Answer 16

achievement motivation

Question 17

in psychology, passion, and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Answer 17

grit

Question 18

the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake

Answer 18

intrinsic motivation

Question 19

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 19

extrinsic motivation

Question 20

a response of the whole organism, involving bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

Answer 20

emotion

Question 21

the theory that our experience of emotion occurs when we become aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus

Answer 21

James-Lange theory

Question 22

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

Answer 22

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 23

Schachter and Singer’s theory that to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

Answer 23

two-factor theory

Question 24

a machine often used in attempts to detect lies that measures emotion-linked changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing

Answer 24

polygraph

Question 25

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

Answer 25

facial feedback effect