Chapter 13 Flashcards
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person’s cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior
psychological disorder
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital
medical model
the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
DSM-5
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
anxiety disorders
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
phobia
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts, actions, or both
OCD
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
PTSD
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
psychoactive drug
a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
substance use disorder
a dwindling effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger dose before experiencing the drug’s effect
tolerance
the discomfort and distress that follow ending the use of an addictive drug or behavior
withdrawal
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce (depress) neural activity and slow body functions
depressants
(popularly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.
alcohol use disorder
drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
barbiturates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
opiates
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
stimulants
drugs (such a methamphetamine) that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels
amphetamines
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels.
methamphetamine
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Ecstasy
psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and trigger sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
hallucinogens
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
near-death experience
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also know as acid
LSD
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
THC
a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
major depressive disorder
a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and weariness of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
bipolar disorder
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.
mania
a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.
schizophrenia
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
psychotic disorders
a false belief, often of persecution of grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
delusion
a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely
acute schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
chronic schizophrenia
an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating is followed by inappropriate weight loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
bulimia nervosa
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the behavior compensate that marks bulimia nervosa.
binge-eating disorder
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
dissociative disorders
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.
dissociative identity disorder
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
personality disorders
a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
antisocial personality disorder
