Chapter 7 Flashcards
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
memory
the process of getting information into the memory system
encoding
the process of retaining encoded information over time
storage
the process of getting information out of memory storage
retrieval
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
sensory memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
long-term memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming sensory information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
working memory
retention of learned skill, or classically associations, without conscious awareness.
implicit memory
unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
automatic memory
retention of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve.
explicit memory
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
chunking
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
effortful processing
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at once
parallel processing
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
spacing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. also referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
testing effect
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
semantic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
episodic memory
the neural storage of long-term memory
memory consolidation
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
flashbulb memory
an increase in a nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Neural basis for learning and memory
long-term potentiation (LTP)
memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the blank test.
recall
memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
recognition
memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material again
relearning
any stimulus (event, feeling, place) linked to a specific memory
retrieval cue
the activation, often consciously, of particular associations in memory
priming
the idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
encoding specificity principle
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood
mood-congruent memory
our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list
serial position effect
an inability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
an inability to remember information from our past
retrograde amnesia
lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms
memory trace
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
proactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
retroactive interference
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
repression
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.
reconsolidation
occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
misinformation effect
faulty memory of how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.
source amnesia
the eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
deja vu
