Chapter 7

Question 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

the process of getting information into the memory system

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Answer 3

storage

Question 4

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 4

retrieval

Question 5

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 5

sensory memory

Question 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 6

short-term memory

Question 7

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Answer 7

long-term memory

Question 8

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming sensory information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 8

working memory

Question 9

retention of learned skill, or classically associations, without conscious awareness.

Answer 9

implicit memory

Question 10

unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Answer 10

automatic memory

Question 11

retention of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve.

Answer 11

explicit memory

Question 12

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 12

chunking

Question 13

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 13

effortful processing

Question 14

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at once

Answer 14

parallel processing

Question 15

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Answer 15

spacing effect

Question 16

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. also referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

Answer 16

testing effect

Question 17

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 17

semantic memory

Question 18

explicit memory of personally experienced events

Answer 18

episodic memory

Question 19

the neural storage of long-term memory

Answer 19

memory consolidation

Question 20

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 20

flashbulb memory

Question 21

an increase in a nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 21

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 22

memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the blank test.

Answer 22

recall

Question 23

memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Answer 23

recognition

Question 24

memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material again

Answer 24

relearning

Question 25

any stimulus (event, feeling, place) linked to a specific memory

Answer 25

retrieval cue

Question 26

the activation, often consciously, of particular associations in memory

Answer 26

priming

Question 27

the idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Answer 27

encoding specificity principle

Question 28

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood

Answer 28

mood-congruent memory

Question 29

our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list

Answer 29

serial position effect

Question 30

an inability to form new memories

Answer 30

anterograde amnesia

Question 31

an inability to remember information from our past

Answer 31

retrograde amnesia

Question 32

lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms

Answer 32

memory trace

Question 33

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Answer 33

proactive interference

Question 34

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Answer 34

retroactive interference

Question 35

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Answer 35

repression

Question 36

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

Answer 36

reconsolidation

Question 37

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Answer 37

misinformation effect

Question 38

faulty memory of how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.

Answer 38

source amnesia

Question 39

the eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Answer 39

deja vu