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Psych Final Review > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

interneurons

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system division that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system division that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (heart)

A

autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy

A

sympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system subdivision that calms the body, conserving its energy

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

A

reflex

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7
Q

the body’s “slow: chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine system

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8
Q

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

A

hormones

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9
Q

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

A

adrenal glands

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10
Q

the most influential endocrine gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

A

pituitary gland

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11
Q

a device that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to record waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface

A

EEG

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12
Q

a brain-imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity

A

MEG

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13
Q

a view of the brain activity showing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

A

PET

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14
Q

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. They show brain anatomy.

A

MRI

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15
Q

a technique revealing blood flow, and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. They show brain function

A

fMRI

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16
Q

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

A

medulla

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17
Q

the brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; directs sensory messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

A

thalamus

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18
Q

nerve network running through the brainstem and into the thalamus; plays and important role in controlling arousal

A

reticular formation

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19
Q

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

neural system (including the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus) located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives.

A

limbic system

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21
Q

In the limbic system; linked to emotion

A

amygdala

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22
Q

a neural structure that directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland; linked with emotion and reward

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

a thin layer of interconnected neurons covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center

A

cerebral cortex

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24
Q

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

A

frontal lobes

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25
Q

thee portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and towards the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

A

parietal lobes

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26
Q

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

A

occipital lobes

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27
Q

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes areas that receive information from the ears.

A

temporal lobes

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28
Q

the cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements.

A

motor cortex

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29
Q

the cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes; registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

A

somatosensory cortex

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30
Q

a false sensory experience, such as hearing something in the absence of external auditory stimulus.

A

hallucination

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31
Q

cerebral cortex areas involved primarily in higher mental functions, such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

A

association areas

32
Q

the formation of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

33
Q

a large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

A

corpus callosum

34
Q

a condition resulting from surgery that separates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.

A

split brain

35
Q

the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.

A

biological psychology

36
Q

processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems

A

sequential processing

37
Q

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at the same time

A

parallel processing

38
Q

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

selective attention

39
Q

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

40
Q

failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness.

A

change blindness

41
Q

our internal biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

A

circadian rhythm

42
Q

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.

A

REM sleep

43
Q

relatively slow brain waves or relaxed, awake state.

A

alpha waves

44
Q

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

A

sleep

45
Q

large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

A

delta waves

46
Q

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN adjusts melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

47
Q

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

insomnia

48
Q

a sleep disorder in which a person has uncontrollable sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep

A

narcolepsy

49
Q

a sleep disorder in which a sleeping person repeatedly stops breathing until blood oxygen is so low the person awakens just long enough to draw a breath.

A

sleep apnea

50
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during N3 sleep and are infrequently remembered.

A

night terrors

51
Q

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.

A

dream

52
Q

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

A

manifest content

53
Q

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

A

latent content

54
Q

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

A

REM rebound

55
Q

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

plasticity

56
Q

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

A

neuron

57
Q

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell’s life-support center

A

cell body

58
Q

neuron extensions that receive and integrate messages and conduct them toward the cell body

A

dendrites

59
Q

the neuron extension that sends messages to other neurons or to muscles and glands

A

axon

60
Q

a nerve impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

A

action potential

61
Q

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

A

glial cells

62
Q

the junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron.

A

synapse

63
Q

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

threshold

64
Q

in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state

A

refractory period

65
Q

a neuron’s reaction of either firing or not firing

A

all or none response

66
Q

neuron-produced chemicals that cross the synaptic gap to carry messages to to other neurons or to muscles and glands.

A

neurotransmitters

67
Q

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

A

reuptake

68
Q

a chemical, such as opium, morphine, or heroin, that depresses neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

A

opiate

69
Q

“morphine within”- natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

A

endorphins

70
Q

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A

nervous system

71
Q

the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

72
Q

the sensory and motor neurons connecting the central nervous system and the rest of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

73
Q

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

nerves

74
Q

neurons that carry incoming information from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cords.

A

sensory neurons

75
Q

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

A

motor neurons

76
Q

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events

A

hippocampus

Psych Final Review (13 decks)

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