Chapter 10

Question 1

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Answer 1

stress

Question 2

an emergency response, including activity of the sympathetic nervous system, that mobilizes energy and activity for attacking or escaping a threat

Answer 2

fight or flight response

Question 3

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages- alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Answer 3

general adaptation syndrome

Question 4

under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

Answer 4

tend-and-befriend response

Question 5

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health

Answer 5

psychoneuroimmunology

Question 6

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in the United States and many other countries

Answer 6

coronary heart disease

Question 7

Friedman and Rosenman’s term competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Answer 7

type a

Question 8

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

Answer 8

type b

Question 9

reducing stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.

Answer 9

coping

Question 10

attempting to reduce stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way interact with that stressor

Answer 10

problem-focused coping

Question 11

attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Answer 11

emotion-focused coping

Question 12

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Answer 12

personal control

Question 13

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Answer 13

learned helplessness

Question 14

the perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Answer 14

external locus of control

Question 15

the perception that we control our own fate

Answer 15

internal locus of control

Question 16

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Answer 16

self-control

Question 17

the anticipation of positive outcomes.

Answer 17

optimism

Question 18

the anticipation of negative outcomes

Answer 18

pessimism

Question 19

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps reduce depression and anxiety

Answer 19

aerobic exercise

Question 20

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.

Answer 20

mindfulness meditation

Question 21

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Answer 21

resilience

Question 22

our tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

Answer 22

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Question 23

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. used along with measures of objective well-being to judge our quality of life.

Answer 23

subjective well-being

Question 24

our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our past experiences.

Answer 24

adaptation-level phenomenon

Question 25

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

Answer 25

relative deprivation