Chapter 12 Flashcards
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
personality
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
psychodynamic theories
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
psychoanalysis
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
unconscious
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how unimportant or embarrasing
free association
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. operates on pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
id
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, balances the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. operates on reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will bring pleasure rather than pain.
ego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future goals
superego
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
psychosexual stages
according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Oedipus complex
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos;
identification
in psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus on pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
fixation
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety.
repression
Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited group of memories from our species’ history
collective unconscious
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of the test-taker’s unconscious thoughts or feelings.
projective test
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
Rorschach inkblot test
according to Maslow, the psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs dare met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill our potential.
self-actualization
according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
self-transcendence
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
unconditional positive regard
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “who am I”
self-concept
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
trait
a cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together
factor
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
personality inventory
the interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environement
reciprocal determinism
a view of behavior as influenced by interaction between persons and their social context
social-cognitive perspective
our sense of competence and effectiveness
self-efficacy
overestimating others; noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
spotlight effect
our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably
self-serving bias
giving priority to our own goals over group goals and defining our identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership
individualism
giving priority to the goals of our group and defining our identity accordinglyl
collectivism
