Chapter 12

Question 1

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

Answer 2

psychodynamic theories

Question 3

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Answer 3

psychoanalysis

Question 4

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.

Answer 4

unconscious

Question 5

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how unimportant or embarrasing

Answer 5

free association

Question 6

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. operates on pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Answer 6

id

Question 7

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, balances the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. operates on reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will bring pleasure rather than pain.

Answer 7

ego

Question 8

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future goals

Answer 8

superego

Question 9

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Answer 9

psychosexual stages

Question 10

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Answer 10

Oedipus complex

Question 11

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos;

Answer 11

identification

Question 12

in psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus on pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Answer 12

fixation

Question 13

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Answer 13

defense mechanisms

Question 14

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety.

Answer 14

repression

Question 15

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited group of memories from our species’ history

Answer 15

collective unconscious

Question 16

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of the test-taker’s unconscious thoughts or feelings.

Answer 16

projective test

Question 17

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Answer 17

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

Question 18

the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Answer 18

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 19

according to Maslow, the psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs dare met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill our potential.

Answer 19

self-actualization

Question 20

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Answer 20

self-transcendence

Question 21

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Answer 21

unconditional positive regard

Question 22

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “who am I”

Answer 22

self-concept

Question 23

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Answer 23

trait

Question 24

a cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together

Answer 24

factor

Question 25

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Answer 25

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

Question 26

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Answer 26

personality inventory

Question 27

the interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environement

Answer 27

reciprocal determinism

Question 28

a view of behavior as influenced by interaction between persons and their social context

Answer 28

social-cognitive perspective

Question 29

our sense of competence and effectiveness

Answer 29

self-efficacy

Question 30

overestimating others; noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Answer 30

spotlight effect

Question 31

our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Answer 31

self-serving bias

Question 32

giving priority to our own goals over group goals and defining our identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership

Answer 32

individualism

Question 33

giving priority to the goals of our group and defining our identity accordinglyl

Answer 33

collectivism