Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

A

cross-sectional study

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2
Q

research that follows and retests the same people over time.

A

longitudinal study

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3
Q

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

a molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA

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5
Q

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA

A

genes

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6
Q

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

heredity

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7
Q

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in the organism’s chromosomes

A

genome

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8
Q

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

A

interaction

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9
Q

the study of the molecular ways by which environments can influence gene expression

A

epigenetics

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10
Q

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

A

zygote

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11
Q

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

A

embryo

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12
Q

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

fetus

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13
Q

agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

teratogens

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14
Q

physical and mental abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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15
Q

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

A

reflex

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16
Q

a person’s characteristics emotional reactivity and intensity

A

temperament

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17
Q

biological growth processes leading to orderly changes in behavior, mostly independent of experience

A

maturation

18
Q

a period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is needed for proper development

A

critical period

19
Q

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

A

schema

20
Q

interpreting our new experiences in terms of existing schemas

A

assimilation

21
Q

adapting our current surroundings (schemas) to incorporate new information

A

accommodation

22
Q

In piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

A

sensorimotor stage

23
Q

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (usually develop this by 8 months)

A

object permanence

24
Q

in piaget’s theory the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) in which a child learns to use language but cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic

A

preoperational stage

25
Q

the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shapes.

A

conservation

26
Q

In piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

egocentrism

27
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

A

concrete operational stage

28
Q

in piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

A

formal operational stage

29
Q

in Vygotsky’s theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.

A

scaffold

30
Q

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

A

theory of mind

31
Q

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age;

A

stranger anxiety

32
Q

an emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation

A

attachment

33
Q

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

A

basic trust

34
Q

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

A

adolescence

35
Q

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

puberty

36
Q

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and blending various roles

A

identity

37
Q

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answers to “who am I” that comes from our group membership

A

social identity

38
Q

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary development task in early adulthood.

A

intimacy

39
Q

a period from about age of 18 to mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

A

emerging adulthood

40
Q

the end of menstruation. In everyday use, it can mean the biological transition a woman experiences from before until after the end of it.

A

menopause

41
Q

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

A

social clock