Chapter 1

Question 1

Smart thinking. Whether reading a research report or an online opinion, one must ask questions.

Answer 1

Critical Thinking

Question 2

An early school of thought promoted by Wundt that focused on the structure of the human mind.

Answer 2

Structuralism

Question 3

An early school of thought promoted by William James and influenced by Darwin that focused on how the mind functions.

Answer 3

Functionalism

Question 4

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Promoted by B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson.

Answer 4

Behaviorism

Question 5

the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems.

Answer 5

Cognitive psychology

Question 6

A historically important perspective that emphasized human growth potential

Answer 6

humanistic psychology

Question 7

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Answer 7

cognitive neuroscience

Question 8

an approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.

Answer 8

biopsychosocial approach

Question 9

An age-old controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

Answer 9

nature-nurture issue

Question 10

the principle that our mind processes information at the same time on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

Answer 10

dual processing

Question 11

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

Answer 11

clinical psychology

Question 12

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Answer 12

psychiatry

Question 13

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions (schools, neighborhoods) affect individuals and groups.

Answer 13

community psychology

Question 14

the scientific study of human flourishing, with goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Answer 14

positive psychology

Question 15

the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that we could have predicted it.

Answer 15

hindsight bias

Question 16

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. EX: human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

Answer 16

operational definition

Question 17

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

Answer 17

replication

Question 18

publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses.

Answer 18

preregistration

Question 19

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Answer 19

case study

Question 20

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation

Answer 20

naturalistic observation

Question 21

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing any preexisting differences between groups.

Answer 21

random assignment

Question 22

in an experiment, a procedure in which both the participants and the research staff are ignorant about who has received the treatment or a placebo

Answer 22

double-blind procedure

Question 23

in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

Answer 23

confounding variable

Question 24

giving people enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate

Answer 24

informed consent

Question 25

after an experiment ends, explaining to participants the study’s purpose and any deceptions researchers used.

Answer 25

debriefing

Question 26

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes called the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Answer 26

testing effect

Question 27

a studying method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Answer 27

SQ3R

Question 28

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences. Ex: how do pain messages travel from the hand to the brain?

Answer 28

Neuroscience Perspective

Question 29

How the natural selection of traits passed down from one generation to the next has promoted the survival of genes.

Answer 29

Evolutionary Perspective

Question 30

how we learn observable responses.

Answer 30

Behavioral perspective

Question 31

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.

Answer 31

Psychodynamic perspective

Question 32

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Answer 32

Cognitive perspective

Question 33

How behavior and thinking vary across different situations and cultures.

Answer 33

Social-culture perspective