Chapter 9

Question 1

Why was Pavlov initially reluctant to study the “psychic secretions” of his laboratory dogs?

Answer 1

He was afraid of being associated with psychology, which he regarded as a scien-tifically disreputable subject.

Question 2

Which of the following ideas was enthusiastically adopted by Pavlov?

Answer 2

Sechenov’s argument that learned behavior occurs when cortical reflexes become superimposed on lower, innate reflexes

Question 3

For what did Ivan Pavlov win the Nobel Prize?

Answer 3

systematic studies of the physiology of digestion

Question 4

In a typical Pavlovian experiment, the sound of a tone immediately precedes the feeding of the dog, for several feedings. Then the tone is sounded alone, and the dog salivates. In such an experiment, the food is called the __________.

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

A conditioned reflex is established in a dog, where the conditioned stimulus is a tone of 400 cycles per second, and the unconditioned stimulus is a splash of dilute acid in its mouth. When, on a test trial, the dog is presented with a tone of 500 cycles per second, what is the most likely result?

Answer 5

a conditioned salivary response, somewhat reduced in magnitude

Question 6

In Pavlovian conditioning, when a new stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus is presented and it elicits a weakened version of the conditioned response, the phenome-non is called

Answer 6

generalization.

Question 7

In Pavlovian conditioning, if two different tones are randomly presented many times each but only one of the tones is reinforced each time by the presentation of food pow-der, a process called __________ gradually occurs so that only the reinforced tone re-tains the capacity to elicit a conditioned salivary response.

Answer 7

differentiation

Question 8

How did Pavlov and his workers produce “experimental neurosis” in dogs?

Answer 8

forcing them to confront differentiation situations they could not solve

Question 9

Pavlov’s consideration of the phenomena of generalization, differentiation, and experi-mental neurosis led him to conclude what?

Answer 9

Learning is the result of separate excitatory and inhibitory processes that may inter-act in specific locations in the brain.

Question 10

In Pavlov’s theory, “irradiation” refers to

Answer 10

a wave spreading excitation or inhibition over the surface of the brain.

Question 11

Who was a famous professor of John B. Watson’s at Chicago, whose childrearing the-ories he came to disagree with strongly?

Answer 11

John Dewey

Question 12

According to John B. Watson, a properly “behavioristic” psychology would do all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 12

rely heavily on studies of reaction time and mental chronometry.

Question 13

Watson found Pavlov’s conditioned reflex concept useful in his own work because it

Answer 13

was a properly objective general technique that he could apply to many other learn-ing situations besides the salivary reflex.

Question 14

The three unconditioned emotional reactions that Watson was able to find in human infants were

Answer 14

fear, rage, and love.

Question 15

What was Watson’s major purpose in conducting the “Little Albert” experiment?

Answer 15

to prove that he could produce a conditioned emotional fear response

Question 16

The primary conditioned stimulus employed in Watson and Rayner’s production of a conditioned emotional reaction in Little Albert was

Answer 16

a white rat.

Question 17

The “Little Peter” experiment, conducted by __________, demonstrated that __________.

Answer 17

Mary Cover Jones; conditioned fear of rabbits could be deconditioned

Question 18

What did Watson say about unconscious thought in his textbook, Behaviorism?

Answer 18

It is explainable as a sequence of nonverbal (kinesthetic or visceral) reactions.

Question 19

When Watson wrote, “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee you to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select,” he was expressing a viewpoint known as

Answer 19

radical environmentalism.

Question 20

An innovative and trend-setting book written by John B. Watson in 1928, suggesting many applications of his theory, was

Answer 20

Psychological Care of the Infant and Child.

Question 21

Which of the following did Watson advise against for the successful rearing of babies and young children?

Answer 21

responding to children’s mishaps with physical affection

Question 22

Edward Chase Tolman was known for his promotion of

Answer 22

latent learning.

Question 23

B. F. Skinner’s primary ambition as a young man was to become a

Answer 23

professional writer.

Question 24

The record of responses made by an animal in a Skinner box is referred to as its

Answer 24

cumulative record.

Question 25

A cumulative record showing regular, scalloped-shaped variation is characteristically produced by

Answer 25

fixed interval reinforcement.

Question 26

__________ conditioning is typically measured in terms of response latency or magnitude, while __________ conditioning is measured in terms of response rate.

Answer 26

Respondent; operant

Question 27

Simple stimuli such as clicks from a toy clicker may be used to help shape up compli-cated chains of responses if, through previous respondent conditioning, they have been made into

Answer 27

secondary reinforcers.

Question 28

Skinner’s utopian novel Walden Two describes a society

Answer 28

whose members’ behavior is completely determined by positive reinforcement.

Question 29

According to Skinner, one of the necessary consequences of regarding behavior as “freely” produced by “autonomous man” is a

Answer 29

great and undesirable emphasis on punishments.

Question 30

Skinner’s 1957 book Verbal Behavior was severely criticized by Noam Chomsky on what grounds?

Answer 30

It did not take into account grammatical structures that are innate and uniquely hu-man.

Question 31

Who was the person most responsible for promoting “behaviorism” as a distinct ap-proach to psychology?

Answer 31

John B. Watson

Question 32

Pavlov’s career was strongly affected by his particular experiences in what country?

Answer 32

Russia (Soviet Union)

Question 33

In his general temperament Ivan Pavlov was noted for being

Answer 33

absent-minded at home but meticulous and systematic in his laboratory.

Question 34

As an old and famous man, Pavlov gave what special piece of advice to the youth of his country?

Answer 34

to be strictly systematic in their acquisition of knowledge

Question 35

When new workers arrived in Pavlov’s laboratory, what were usually their first as-signments?

Answer 35

to replicate some of the experiments previously conducted in the lab

Question 36

John B. Watson’s Ph.D. research at the University of Chicago dealt with what?

Answer 36

the nervous system and behavior of developing white rats

Question 37

Watson and Lashley’s realization that Pavlov’s basic conditioning model could be ex-panded to cover muscular as well as salivary reflexes, and in humans as well as ani-mals, was inspired by whose previous work?

Answer 37

Vladimir Bechterev

Question 38

In recent years the actual identity of Watson and Rayner’s “Little Albert” subject has been

Answer 38

the subject of a disagreement among historians.

Question 39

Following his dismissal from Johns Hopkins University, what became of John B. Watson?

Answer 39

He went into advertising while writing about psychology on the side.

Question 40

What eventually became of John B. Watson’s two sons?

Answer 40

Both went on to successful careers but were also subject to depression, leading to the suicide of one of them

Question 41

What was a prominent feature of Clark Hull’s mechanistic behaviorism?

Answer 41

its attempt to conceptualize learning in mathematical equations

Question 42

As a boy and teenager, B. F. Skinner showed particular talent as what?

Answer 42

a writer and inventor of mechanical contraptions

Question 43

B. F. Skinner’s techniques for programmed instruction involved all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 43

incorrect responses are counted and used as the basis of a final score on the pro-gram.

Question 44

For what purpose did B. F. Skinner invent his “Heir Conditioner” or “Aircrib?”

Answer 44

to provide a safe and comfortable environment for infants

Question 45

What eventually became of B. F. Skinner’s two daughters?

Answer 45

One became a successful artist and the other an educational psychologist.