Chapter 9 Flashcards
Why was Pavlov initially reluctant to study the “psychic secretions” of his laboratory dogs?
He was afraid of being associated with psychology, which he regarded as a scien-tifically disreputable subject.
Which of the following ideas was enthusiastically adopted by Pavlov?
Sechenov’s argument that learned behavior occurs when cortical reflexes become superimposed on lower, innate reflexes
For what did Ivan Pavlov win the Nobel Prize?
systematic studies of the physiology of digestion
In a typical Pavlovian experiment, the sound of a tone immediately precedes the feeding of the dog, for several feedings. Then the tone is sounded alone, and the dog salivates. In such an experiment, the food is called the __________.
unconditioned stimulus
A conditioned reflex is established in a dog, where the conditioned stimulus is a tone of 400 cycles per second, and the unconditioned stimulus is a splash of dilute acid in its mouth. When, on a test trial, the dog is presented with a tone of 500 cycles per second, what is the most likely result?
a conditioned salivary response, somewhat reduced in magnitude
In Pavlovian conditioning, when a new stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus is presented and it elicits a weakened version of the conditioned response, the phenome-non is called
generalization.
In Pavlovian conditioning, if two different tones are randomly presented many times each but only one of the tones is reinforced each time by the presentation of food pow-der, a process called __________ gradually occurs so that only the reinforced tone re-tains the capacity to elicit a conditioned salivary response.
differentiation
How did Pavlov and his workers produce “experimental neurosis” in dogs?
forcing them to confront differentiation situations they could not solve
Pavlov’s consideration of the phenomena of generalization, differentiation, and experi-mental neurosis led him to conclude what?
Learning is the result of separate excitatory and inhibitory processes that may inter-act in specific locations in the brain.
In Pavlov’s theory, “irradiation” refers to
a wave spreading excitation or inhibition over the surface of the brain.
Who was a famous professor of John B. Watson’s at Chicago, whose childrearing the-ories he came to disagree with strongly?
John Dewey
According to John B. Watson, a properly “behavioristic” psychology would do all of the following EXCEPT
rely heavily on studies of reaction time and mental chronometry.
Watson found Pavlov’s conditioned reflex concept useful in his own work because it
was a properly objective general technique that he could apply to many other learn-ing situations besides the salivary reflex.
The three unconditioned emotional reactions that Watson was able to find in human infants were
fear, rage, and love.
What was Watson’s major purpose in conducting the “Little Albert” experiment?
to prove that he could produce a conditioned emotional fear response
The primary conditioned stimulus employed in Watson and Rayner’s production of a conditioned emotional reaction in Little Albert was
a white rat.
The “Little Peter” experiment, conducted by __________, demonstrated that __________.
Mary Cover Jones; conditioned fear of rabbits could be deconditioned
What did Watson say about unconscious thought in his textbook, Behaviorism?
It is explainable as a sequence of nonverbal (kinesthetic or visceral) reactions.
When Watson wrote, “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee you to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select,” he was expressing a viewpoint known as
radical environmentalism.
An innovative and trend-setting book written by John B. Watson in 1928, suggesting many applications of his theory, was
Psychological Care of the Infant and Child.
Which of the following did Watson advise against for the successful rearing of babies and young children?
responding to children’s mishaps with physical affection
Edward Chase Tolman was known for his promotion of
latent learning.
B. F. Skinner’s primary ambition as a young man was to become a
professional writer.
The record of responses made by an animal in a Skinner box is referred to as its
cumulative record.
A cumulative record showing regular, scalloped-shaped variation is characteristically produced by
fixed interval reinforcement.
__________ conditioning is typically measured in terms of response latency or magnitude, while __________ conditioning is measured in terms of response rate.
Respondent; operant
Simple stimuli such as clicks from a toy clicker may be used to help shape up compli-cated chains of responses if, through previous respondent conditioning, they have been made into
secondary reinforcers.
Skinner’s utopian novel Walden Two describes a society
whose members’ behavior is completely determined by positive reinforcement.
According to Skinner, one of the necessary consequences of regarding behavior as “freely” produced by “autonomous man” is a
great and undesirable emphasis on punishments.
Skinner’s 1957 book Verbal Behavior was severely criticized by Noam Chomsky on what grounds?
It did not take into account grammatical structures that are innate and uniquely hu-man.
Who was the person most responsible for promoting “behaviorism” as a distinct ap-proach to psychology?
John B. Watson
Pavlov’s career was strongly affected by his particular experiences in what country?
Russia (Soviet Union)
In his general temperament Ivan Pavlov was noted for being
absent-minded at home but meticulous and systematic in his laboratory.
As an old and famous man, Pavlov gave what special piece of advice to the youth of his country?
to be strictly systematic in their acquisition of knowledge
When new workers arrived in Pavlov’s laboratory, what were usually their first as-signments?
to replicate some of the experiments previously conducted in the lab
John B. Watson’s Ph.D. research at the University of Chicago dealt with what?
the nervous system and behavior of developing white rats
Watson and Lashley’s realization that Pavlov’s basic conditioning model could be ex-panded to cover muscular as well as salivary reflexes, and in humans as well as ani-mals, was inspired by whose previous work?
Vladimir Bechterev
In recent years the actual identity of Watson and Rayner’s “Little Albert” subject has been
the subject of a disagreement among historians.
Following his dismissal from Johns Hopkins University, what became of John B. Watson?
He went into advertising while writing about psychology on the side.
What eventually became of John B. Watson’s two sons?
Both went on to successful careers but were also subject to depression, leading to the suicide of one of them
What was a prominent feature of Clark Hull’s mechanistic behaviorism?
its attempt to conceptualize learning in mathematical equations
As a boy and teenager, B. F. Skinner showed particular talent as what?
a writer and inventor of mechanical contraptions
B. F. Skinner’s techniques for programmed instruction involved all of the following EXCEPT
incorrect responses are counted and used as the basis of a final score on the pro-gram.
For what purpose did B. F. Skinner invent his “Heir Conditioner” or “Aircrib?”
to provide a safe and comfortable environment for infants
What eventually became of B. F. Skinner’s two daughters?
One became a successful artist and the other an educational psychologist.
