Chapter 1

Question 1

Rather than making the conventional choice to study with _____, Plato opted to study with ______

Answer 1

the sophists; socrates

Question 2

in the course of his dialogues with his students, socrates emphasized the mind’s inborn properties. This approach to mental philosophy is known as?

Answer 2

nativism

Question 3

Aristotle’s emphasis on the importance of systematic observation of the natural world made him one of the first important proponents of?

Answer 3

empiricism

Question 4

the ancient Greek word psyche as used by Plato and Aristotle is traditionally and literally translated as _____, but in modern english it is also often translated as _____

Answer 4

soul; mind

Question 5

The Achilles and the tortoise paradox, proposed by the philosopher Zeno, is an illustration of what concept?

Answer 5

Infinity, particularly the idea that any linear distance contains an infinite number or intermediary points between its start and end

Question 6

Which of the following is true of the Hippocratic Corpus?

Answer 6

It explains health and illness in terms of humoral theory

Question 7

The humoral theory holds that health and illness result from the balance or imbalance of four substances, or humors, in the human body. These humors are

Answer 7

blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm

Question 8

Xenophon, one of Socrates’s most famous students, became a great scholar of?

Answer 8

history

Question 9

The playwright Aristophanes’s comedy The Clouds portrayed which philosopher in a satirical light?

Answer 9

Socrates

Question 10

After a period of self-imposed exile from Athens, Plato returned to the city and established a school known as the?

Answer 10

Academy

Question 11

Plato’s allegory of the cave was used to illustrate what aspect of his philosophy?

Answer 11

the appearance-form distinction

Question 12

According to Plato the three components of the human psyche are

Answer 12

appetites, courage, and reason.

Question 13

According to Plato, the ideal form of government is

Answer 13

oligarchy

Question 14

As a child Aristotle witnessed and absorbed his father’s practices as a __________, likely influencing his future emphasis on empirical observation.

Answer 14

physician

Question 15

As a student Aristotle studied at the

Answer 15

Academy

Question 16

Theophrastus, a student and close friend of Aristotle, shared with his mentor an interest in

Answer 16

systematic observations of the natural world.

Question 17

Which philosopher served as tutor to a teenaged Alexander the Great, instilling in him a lifelong respect for learning and education?

Answer 17

Aristotle

Question 18

Aristotle undertook careful and detailed observations of organisms in the natural world and classified these specimens into logically meaningful groups. This was the beginning of the field of

Answer 18

taxonomy.

Question 19

In On the Psyche Aristotle argued that

Answer 19

all living organisms possess psyches, but these psyches vary in complexity accord-ing to the organism’s position on the scale of nature.

Question 20

According to Aristotle, the vegetative soul is comprised of the two most fundamental functions of the psyche. These functions are __________ and __________.

Answer 20

nourishment; reproduction

Question 21

what is NOT one of the 4 functions of Aristotle’s sensitive soul

Answer 21

reason

Question 22

Select the correct ordering of psyches, from lowest to highest complexity, according to Aristotle’s scale of nature.

Answer 22

vegetative soul, sensitive soul, rational soul

Question 23

Which of the following best describes Aristotle’s conception of the contents and capacities of the rational psyche?

Answer 23

Although originally empty of specific memories, it contains within itself innate categories into which experiences can be classified.

Question 24

The notion that there is a limit to the divisibility of material objects is known as __________ and was formulated by __________.

Answer 24

atomic theory; Democritus

Question 25

Democritus’s atomic theory was widely dismissed because

Answer 25

the contention that the movements of atoms were random was counter to the dominant view that caused events had to have purpose.

Question 26

Which is NOT one of Aristotle’s four essential components of caused events?

Answer 26

expedient cause

Question 27

Epicurus adopted Democritus’s atomic theory and used it as his basis to argue that

Answer 27

individuals need not fear the whims of the gods and are free to pursue socially responsible forms of happiness.

Question 28

The poem De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) by the Roman poet Lucretius is more than 200 pages long and celebrates the work of which philosopher?

Answer 28

Epicurus

Question 29

During centuries that followed the fall of the Roman Empire the work of classical Greek scholars was dismissed and even regarded as sacrilegious by early European scholars. This period is often referred to as the

Answer 29

Dark Age of Western Europe

Question 30

After the fall of the Roman Empire many classical Greek works were preserved, translated, and extended by scholars living in

Answer 30

the Islamic Empire

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT one of the scholars who elaborated upon and helped preserve the work of the classical Greek scholars who came before him?

Answer 31

Aristophanes

Question 32

__________ was a leader in the House of Wisdom and was known as “the philosopher of the Arabs” for his commentaries on Aristotle. He also described and advocated the use of a numbering system known as __________.

Answer 32

Al-Kindi; Indo-Arabic numerals

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true about Indo-Arabic numerals?

Answer 33

is a system invented in classical Greece

Question 34

Indo-Arabic numerals encompassed an infinite series of numbers that could be studied in completely abstract terms and arranged into various categories. This study of “pure” numbers and their interrelationships gave rise to a new mathematical field known as

Answer 34

number theory

Question 35

The term camera obscura refers to

Answer 35

a pinhole camera and predecessor of modern cameras.

Question 36

The seven-volume Book of Optics was based on extensive experiments and observations on optics and visual perception. It was written by

Answer 36

Alhazen

Question 37

Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine described the most effective treatments for various diseases, including more than 700 herbal and chemical remedies. Avicenna considered this list of treatments to be

Answer 37

open to revision and extension on the basis of systematic tests of new remedies.

Question 38

Avicenna’s The Book of the Cure (or The Book of Healing) was intended to provide the cure for

Answer 38

ignorance

Question 39

In his discussion of the soul Avicenna extended upon Aristotle’s hierarchy of functions, especially in relation to the sensitive soul. In addition to distinguishing between exterior and interior senses, Avicenna argued that the sensitive soul possessed a function that he referred to as

Answer 39

appetition

Question 40

Avicenna’s Floating Man thought experiment imagined a man suspended in space who has nonfunctional sense organs and limbs that are unable to move or touch, and he asked whether this man had any conscious awareness of his soul or self. According to Avicenna the answer to this question was __________, because __________.

Answer 40

yes; self-awareness is an innate part of the rational soul

Question 41

As a young man, __________ often made trips with his merchant father to North Africa, during which time he learned of Indo-Arabic numerals. Following this discovery he wrote a book in Latin, Liber Abaci (Book of Calculations), describing the uses and importance of this system.

Answer 41

Leonardo Fibonacci

Question 42

A series of numbers in which each new number is the sum of the two numbers preceding it is called

Answer 42

the Fibonacci sequence.

Question 43

The reintroduction of classical Greek ideas into Western Europe took place within

Answer 43

newly established universities.

Question 44

Islamic scholars who preserved and elaborated upon classical Greek philosophy also sought to make these ideas compatible with their monotheistic faith. During Europe’s intellectual reawakening a similar process occurred and scholars interpreted these ideas so that they harmonized with

Answer 44

Christianity.

Question 45

Thomas Aquinas equated Aristotle’s idea of the creator of the universe as a purposeful unmoved mover with

Answer 45

god