Chapter 15 Flashcards
Hugo Münsterberg did all of the following EXCEPT
create a system called scientific management.
After administering nearly 100 tests to Harry Orchard, who had been accused of assas-sinating former Idaho governor Frank Steuenberg, psychologist __________ was con-vinced that the accused was __________.
Hugo Münsterberg; innocent
Who is often referred to as the founder of applied psychology?
Hugo Münsterberg
The pneumograph and the sphygmograph were used by
a colleague of Münsterberg in his work on lie detection.
Münsterberg’s early work challenging Wundt’s conceptualization of what subject at-tracted the favorable attention of William James?
will
What is the definition of “psychotechnics”?
the application of psychology to business and industry
Academic psychologists looked down upon early applied psychologists for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
They were concerned that applied psychologists would take academic jobs.
With what is “Taylorism” synonymous?
scientific management
What was the goal of scientific management?
increase efficiency and productivity in factories
While working in factories, __________ noticed a phenomenon called __________ wherein individuals work below their normal capacity or speed.
Frederick Taylor; soldiering
What is the term for a system in which a standard time is set for each task a worker must perform and each worker who completes the task in that time or faster receives a higher rate of pay, while workers who do not meet the standard time are penalized?
differential piece-rate
The process of breaking down each task a worker performs into the specific move-ments it required, and timing each movement is known as what?
time study
All of the following are true about the response to Taylor’s system of scientific man-agement EXCEPT for which?
Factories all along the East Coast completely banned Taylor’s methods.
All of the following were applied activities undertaken by psychologists during World War I EXCEPT for which?
In Italy, studies of the effects of isolation on submarine crew members
The process of designing tests that can match workers’ skills and aptitudes to appropri-ate forms of work is known as what?
personnel selection
Münsterberg offered his expertise in all of the following applied settings EXCEPT for assessing
potential company managers.
Psychologist Walter Dill Scott is well known for his applied work in what field?
advertising
According to Walter Dill Scott, the psychological processes of __________ and __________ were the most useful ones in designing effective advertisements.
association; suggestion
When psychologists became involved in the war effort during World War I, two com-mittees were established. The Committee for the Classification of Personnel in the Ar-my was headed by __________ and assessed recruits’ specific aptitudes and skills for certain tasks, rather than their __________, which was assessed by the Committee for the Psychological Evaluation of Recruits.
Walter Dill Scott; general intelligence
Who among the following was NOT credited, correctly or not, with developing a lie detector test?
Walter Dill Scott
The comic book superheroine Wonder Woman was created by psychologist __________ who modeled Wonder Woman’s arch-nemesis, Dr. Psycho, on his former teacher __________.
William Marston; Hugo Münsterberg
Who is often referred to as the mother of industrial psychology?
Lillian Gilbreth
Why did Lillian Gilbreth publish The Psychology of Management using only her ini-tials, L. M., rather than her full name?
Her publisher believed the book would not sell if it was obvious it was written by a woman.
Who described their effort to make work more efficient as the “quest for the one best way” to get a task done?
Lillian and Frank Gilbreth
Whose approach to scientific management aimed not only to make work more efficient, but also individually rewarding for workers?
The Gilbreths
The Gilbreths’ motion studies were used to
make work more efficient and comfortable for the worker.
What are “therbligs”?
a unit referring to the eighteen independent motions of the hand
Gilbreth Inc. consulted in all of the following areas EXCEPT
toothbrush engineering.
While Münsterberg embraced a relatively strict form of Taylorism, Lillian Gilbreth took a more __________ view.
humanistic
__________’s life story was the basis for the popular book and movie Cheaper by the Dozen.
Lillian Gilbreth
Who thought that workers should be able to critique a workplace’s methods of opera-tion and suggested that they might share in the profits produced through increases in ef-ficiency?
Lillian Gilbreth
Which two psychologists were employed by Macy’s department store?
Lillian Gilbreth and Elsie Bregman
Marion Almira Bills spend the majority of her career working at the Aetna Life Insur-ance Company where she conducted pioneering research on the factors affecting
job permanency.
The impact, on either performance or behavior, of being aware that you are a participant in a study is known as
the Hawthorne effect.
Which study demonstrated that physical and economic factors alone are insufficient to explain workplace productivity, and that psychological and social factors also needed to be taken into consideration?
Hawthorne studies
Who argued that social science could understand the psychological factors that lead to labor strikes and thus help control them?
Elton Mayo
Prior to the work of Elton Mayo and his colleagues at Hawthorne Works, studies had already been conducted on the effects of __________ on worker productivity.
changes in lighting levels
Which of the following is NOT true about the Hawthorne studies?
Wage incentives had no effect on worker productivity.
What were the three foci of Leta Stetter Hollingsworth’s work?
clinical psychology, the psychology of women, and professionalization
The following quotation—“The tradition emanating from the mystic and romantic nov-elists, that woman is a mysterious being, half hysteric, half angel, has found its way in-to scientific writing. Through the centuries gone those who wrote were men, and since the phenomenon of periodicity was foreign to them, they not unnaturally seized upon it as a probable source of the alleged ‘mystery’ and ‘caprice’ of womankind”—represents whose views?
Leta Stetter Hollingworth’s assessment of scientists’ belief in functional periodicity
What, according to Leta Hollingworth, did the professionalization of clinical psycholo-gy need to involve?
specifying a doctoral degree as the minimum requirement for clinical practice AND creating a professional degree that would emphasize clinical training
The Hollingworths conducted methodologically sophisticated research on the effects of __________ on cognition and behavior.
caffeine
The notion that men were more variable than women in both physical and psychologi-cal characteristics, and thus more likely to occupy the lower and upper ends of the dis-tribution of any trait, is known as what?
variation hypothesis
Leta Hollingworth designed two studies to assess the widely held belief that women became physically and mentally impaired during their menstrual periods, a belief known as __________. From these studies, she concluded __________.
functional periodicity; women do not experience periodic mental or motor impairment
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons clinical psychologists formed the American Association of Clinical Psychologists?
the need for an organization that could lobby for government funds for clinical psychology
