Chapter 14 Flashcards
The technology employed by Pascal in his “Pascaline” resembled which more modern mechanism?
an automobile odometer
What was one of the key limitations of the Pascaline that Leibniz went on to overcome?
It could only add and subtract.
What philosophical implication did many of Pascal’s contemporaries and immediate followers draw from his creation of the Pascaline?
It challenged Descartes’s assertion that only humans had the capacity for rational calculation.
By the middle of the seventeenth century, all of the following developments had oc-curred that would later coalesce to create a major current in the modern field of artificial intelligence EXCEPT for which of the following?
the ability to convert the difference machine into the analytical engine
Which future development did Leibniz correctly predict that would later lie at the heart of artificial intelligence technology?
that a machine might be developed with the capacity to solve problems in logic
While Babbage’s difference engine was capable of __________, his analytical engine, if completed, would be further capable of __________.
single tasks; any type of calculation
The weaver Joseph Jacquard invented which of the following technologies suggested by Charles Babbage in his design for an analytical engine?
a stack of stiff cards with punched holes for inputting the machine’s program
Ada Lovelace was the only daughter of the poet Lord Byron, but is better known to historians as all of the following EXCEPT for being which of the following?
the inventor of an “ultimate machine”
The Lovelace Objection refers to which of the following?
Lovelace’s view that computers could only do what they were programmed to do
Alan Turing did all of the following EXCEPT for which of the following?
receive high honors from the British government for his wartime contributions
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were important for their promotion of which of the following?
the conception of the brain as a “neural network” of interconnected binary switches
What was the Logic Theorist (LT) program introduced by Newell and Simon in 1956 able to do?
construct proofs for central theorems in symbolic logic
Newell and Simon’s General Problem Solver (GPS) made use of all of the following EXCEPT for which?
parallel processing
George Boole’s development of an expanded form of calculation known as “Boolean algebra” was a major step in the new discipline known as __________.
symbolic logic
Claude Shannon’s famous master’s thesis made the case for what?
that patterns of relay circuits in “off” or “on” positions could be used to represent information in binary code
A “shortcut” strategy to limit the search space in solving a complicated computational problem is referred to as __________.
a heuristic.
What was a computer program that employed heuristics and a means-ends analysis in its attempt to simulate problem solving in a generally humanlike fashion called?
General Problem Solver
The idea that a computer program might one day be developed that is capable of repli-cating all of the intellectual and cognitive properties of the human mind is sometimes called what?
strong artificial intelligence
In exploring the question of whether computers can be creative, Margaret Boden sug-gested that putting already familiar ideas or components together in novel but useful or interesting combinations, but according to preset rules, is an example of which of the following?
improbabilist creativity
A type of artificial intelligence computer program that operates by detecting patterns of activity that go on within its entire memory system is said to employ __________.
connectionist or parallel distributed processing
John Searle was a philosopher who did which of the following?
proposed the Chinese room thought experiment
Ulric Neisser’s interest in cognitive psychology was stimulated by which of the follow-ing?
a childhood event that forced him to question the accuracy of his own memory
Developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence helped set the stage for the emergence of cognitive psychology in all of the following ways EXCEPT for which of the following?
by strictly limiting investigation to the observable inputs and outputs to a system
Who among the following was NOT one of the leaders in establishing a new cognitive psychology in the 1950s and 1960s?
Alan Turing
What was “Pandemonium”?
an early computer program that used connectionist processing to “learn” how to perform pattern recognition of letters
Neisser’s conception of cognitive psychology, as presented in his original textbook of that name, particularly emphasized which of the following topics?
information processing
The concept of “flashbulb memories” was introduced and studied by whom?
Ulric Neisser
In 1651, Thomas Hobbes expressed which of the following radical opinions about the nature of human reasoning?
that reasoning processes were essentially the same as mathematical calculations
The opinion that “the heart has its reasons which reason knows nothing of” was fa-mously expressed by whom?
Blaise Pascal
The idea that one concept may be “contained” within another (e.g., “human” is con-tained within “animal”) was an important aspect of which of the following?
Gottfried Leibniz’s proposal for a universal language
Who were two important pioneers in the development of modern computers and artifi-cial intelligence who worked as codebreakers in their separate countries during World War II?
Alan Turing and Claude Shannon
Modern information theory was initiated by __________, with the concept of the __________ as its most basic unit.
Claude Shannon; bit
Newell and Simon’s incorporation of means-ends analysis in their General Problem Solver inspired psychologists George Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl Pribram to propose what concept?
TOTE units
Following their promotion of the TOTE unit as an important psychological concept, Miller, Galanter, and Pribram referred to themselves ironically as which of the follow-ing?
subjective behaviorists
George Miller’s original research interests in psychology centered on what subject?
speech and communication
George Miller’s early exposure to __________ proved to be a turning point in his ca-reer.
Claude Shannon’s information theory
In a famous paper, George Miller noted that __________ cropped up frequently as the maximum number of items people can simultaneously hold or take into their con-sciousness.
seven
What important conclusion did George Miller draw after becoming familiar with Noam Chomsky’s theory of language?
that behavioristic learning theory could not account for a child’s acquisition of grammar
Jerome Bruner and his students became well known for a group of studies referred to as what?
the new look in perception
The Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies was jointly created by whom?
Jerome Bruner and George Miller
How is “cognition” best defined?
the process of acquiring knowledge or understanding of something
Which of the following was NOT true about the so-called “cognitive revolution”?
Its focus on “inner” and “mental” processes was something completely new to psychological theorists.
Which British psychologist anticipated cognitive psychology with a famous cross-cultural study of remembering?
Frederick Bartlett
After working on an artificial intelligence project with Oliver Selfridge, Neisser came to which of the following conclusions?
computer-based concepts are useful in understanding human mental processes but are less flexible and less driven by interacting motives
How did Ulric Neisser come to characterize his personal role in the establishment of cognitive psychology?
as not the father but the godfather who gave the new field its name
