Chapter 14

Question 1

The technology employed by Pascal in his “Pascaline” resembled which more modern mechanism?

Answer 1

an automobile odometer

Question 2

What was one of the key limitations of the Pascaline that Leibniz went on to overcome?

Answer 2

It could only add and subtract.

Question 3

What philosophical implication did many of Pascal’s contemporaries and immediate followers draw from his creation of the Pascaline?

Answer 3

It challenged Descartes’s assertion that only humans had the capacity for rational calculation.

Question 4

By the middle of the seventeenth century, all of the following developments had oc-curred that would later coalesce to create a major current in the modern field of artificial intelligence EXCEPT for which of the following?

Answer 4

the ability to convert the difference machine into the analytical engine

Question 5

Which future development did Leibniz correctly predict that would later lie at the heart of artificial intelligence technology?

Answer 5

that a machine might be developed with the capacity to solve problems in logic

Question 6

While Babbage’s difference engine was capable of __________, his analytical engine, if completed, would be further capable of __________.

Answer 6

single tasks; any type of calculation

Question 7

The weaver Joseph Jacquard invented which of the following technologies suggested by Charles Babbage in his design for an analytical engine?

Answer 7

a stack of stiff cards with punched holes for inputting the machine’s program

Question 8

Ada Lovelace was the only daughter of the poet Lord Byron, but is better known to historians as all of the following EXCEPT for being which of the following?

Answer 8

the inventor of an “ultimate machine”

Question 9

The Lovelace Objection refers to which of the following?

Answer 9

Lovelace’s view that computers could only do what they were programmed to do

Question 10

Alan Turing did all of the following EXCEPT for which of the following?

Answer 10

receive high honors from the British government for his wartime contributions

Question 11

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were important for their promotion of which of the following?

Answer 11

the conception of the brain as a “neural network” of interconnected binary switches

Question 12

What was the Logic Theorist (LT) program introduced by Newell and Simon in 1956 able to do?

Answer 12

construct proofs for central theorems in symbolic logic

Question 13

Newell and Simon’s General Problem Solver (GPS) made use of all of the following EXCEPT for which?

Answer 13

parallel processing

Question 14

George Boole’s development of an expanded form of calculation known as “Boolean algebra” was a major step in the new discipline known as __________.

Answer 14

symbolic logic

Question 15

Claude Shannon’s famous master’s thesis made the case for what?

Answer 15

that patterns of relay circuits in “off” or “on” positions could be used to represent information in binary code

Question 16

A “shortcut” strategy to limit the search space in solving a complicated computational problem is referred to as __________.

Answer 16

a heuristic.

Question 17

What was a computer program that employed heuristics and a means-ends analysis in its attempt to simulate problem solving in a generally humanlike fashion called?

Answer 17

General Problem Solver

Question 18

The idea that a computer program might one day be developed that is capable of repli-cating all of the intellectual and cognitive properties of the human mind is sometimes called what?

Answer 18

strong artificial intelligence

Question 19

In exploring the question of whether computers can be creative, Margaret Boden sug-gested that putting already familiar ideas or components together in novel but useful or interesting combinations, but according to preset rules, is an example of which of the following?

Answer 19

improbabilist creativity

Question 20

A type of artificial intelligence computer program that operates by detecting patterns of activity that go on within its entire memory system is said to employ __________.

Answer 20

connectionist or parallel distributed processing

Question 21

John Searle was a philosopher who did which of the following?

Answer 21

proposed the Chinese room thought experiment

Question 22

Ulric Neisser’s interest in cognitive psychology was stimulated by which of the follow-ing?

Answer 22

a childhood event that forced him to question the accuracy of his own memory

Question 23

Developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence helped set the stage for the emergence of cognitive psychology in all of the following ways EXCEPT for which of the following?

Answer 23

by strictly limiting investigation to the observable inputs and outputs to a system

Question 24

Who among the following was NOT one of the leaders in establishing a new cognitive psychology in the 1950s and 1960s?

Answer 24

Alan Turing

Question 25

What was “Pandemonium”?

Answer 25

an early computer program that used connectionist processing to “learn” how to perform pattern recognition of letters

Question 26

Neisser’s conception of cognitive psychology, as presented in his original textbook of that name, particularly emphasized which of the following topics?

Answer 26

information processing

Question 27

The concept of “flashbulb memories” was introduced and studied by whom?

Answer 27

Ulric Neisser

Question 28

In 1651, Thomas Hobbes expressed which of the following radical opinions about the nature of human reasoning?

Answer 28

that reasoning processes were essentially the same as mathematical calculations

Question 29

The opinion that “the heart has its reasons which reason knows nothing of” was fa-mously expressed by whom?

Answer 29

Blaise Pascal

Question 30

The idea that one concept may be “contained” within another (e.g., “human” is con-tained within “animal”) was an important aspect of which of the following?

Answer 30

Gottfried Leibniz’s proposal for a universal language

Question 31

Who were two important pioneers in the development of modern computers and artifi-cial intelligence who worked as codebreakers in their separate countries during World War II?

Answer 31

Alan Turing and Claude Shannon

Question 32

Modern information theory was initiated by __________, with the concept of the __________ as its most basic unit.

Answer 32

Claude Shannon; bit

Question 33

Newell and Simon’s incorporation of means-ends analysis in their General Problem Solver inspired psychologists George Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl Pribram to propose what concept?

Answer 33

TOTE units

Question 34

Following their promotion of the TOTE unit as an important psychological concept, Miller, Galanter, and Pribram referred to themselves ironically as which of the follow-ing?

Answer 34

subjective behaviorists

Question 35

George Miller’s original research interests in psychology centered on what subject?

Answer 35

speech and communication

Question 36

George Miller’s early exposure to __________ proved to be a turning point in his ca-reer.

Answer 36

Claude Shannon’s information theory

Question 37

In a famous paper, George Miller noted that __________ cropped up frequently as the maximum number of items people can simultaneously hold or take into their con-sciousness.

Answer 37

seven

Question 38

What important conclusion did George Miller draw after becoming familiar with Noam Chomsky’s theory of language?

Answer 38

that behavioristic learning theory could not account for a child’s acquisition of grammar

Question 39

Jerome Bruner and his students became well known for a group of studies referred to as what?

Answer 39

the new look in perception

Question 40

The Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies was jointly created by whom?

Answer 40

Jerome Bruner and George Miller

Question 41

How is “cognition” best defined?

Answer 41

the process of acquiring knowledge or understanding of something

Question 42

Which of the following was NOT true about the so-called “cognitive revolution”?

Answer 42

Its focus on “inner” and “mental” processes was something completely new to psychological theorists.

Question 43

Which British psychologist anticipated cognitive psychology with a famous cross-cultural study of remembering?

Answer 43

Frederick Bartlett

Question 44

After working on an artificial intelligence project with Oliver Selfridge, Neisser came to which of the following conclusions?

Answer 44

computer-based concepts are useful in understanding human mental processes but are less flexible and less driven by interacting motives

Question 45

How did Ulric Neisser come to characterize his personal role in the establishment of cognitive psychology?

Answer 45

as not the father but the godfather who gave the new field its name