Chapter 10 Flashcards
When Mesmer testified before the commission investigating Gassner’s exorcisms, he convinced them of what?
Gassner’s cures were real but had naturalistic rather than demonological causes.
Which of the following is true of Mesmer’s medical dissertation, which he wrote years before his first documented magnetic cures?
It asserted that the planets and stars directly influence people through the effect of “animal gravitation.”
Which of the following was true of patients who responded most strongly to Mesmer’s magnetic inductions? They
often experienced violent and painful “crisis states.”
Which of the following did Mesmer NOT believe to be true about animal magnetism or hypnotism?
Supernatural forces are involved in the induction of the magnetic state.
The Royal Commission appointed to investigate Franz Mesmer concluded what?
Mesmer’s theory of animal magnetism was worthless, so his cures must have been imaginary.
Which of the following did Puységur INCORRECTLY believe to be an easily pro-duced effect in a good hypnotic subject?
abilities enhanced beyond what is possible in the normal state
Which of the following is the best current assessment of Puységur’s belief that hypno-tized subjects can do things that would be impossible for them normally?
It is now known that hypnotized subjects may do things they would normally think are impossible, since hypnosis may make them more relaxed and confident.
What happened when a few physicians in England, such as Elliotson and Ward, raised the possibility of using mesmerism as a surgical anaesthetic in the 1840s?
They were ridiculed or actively persecuted by the established medical community.
Which of the following was one of the pioneers in the use of mesmerism as a surgical anesthetic?
James Esdaile
James Braid helped lend scientific respectability to mesmeric phenomena by suggesting which new name for them?
neuro-hypnology
Which one of the following figures was a student of Franz Mesmer who went on to make independent discoveries about the mesmeric state?
Marquis de Puységur
Which early investigator of mesmerism/hypnotism first shifted the emphasis of expla-nation from the powers of the hypnotist to the susceptibilities of the subject?
José Custódio de Faria
Who was the original founder of the Nancy School of hypnotism?
Ambroise Liébeault
When “Good Father Liébeault” used hypnosis on his patients, he
proceeded very simply, first suggesting they would go to sleep and then that their symptoms would disappear.
Bernheim, on finding that lower-class patients were especially responsive to his hyp-notic suggestions, argued that hypnotizability must be closely related to what?
a general trait of suggestibility
__________ believed that only hysterics were hypnotizable, while __________ argued that normal people could be hypnotized as well.
Charcot; the Nancy School
The model Charcot followed in specifying major and minor types of the illnesses that he studied was first suggested by
grand mal and petit mal epilepsy.
The ancient Greeks believed hysteria was caused by
the displacement of the uterus to inappropriate body parts.
Charcot’s most important scientific contribution was probably his
bringing scientific respectability to the study of such previously unfashionable sub-jects as hysteria and hypnotism.
When people in a crowd begin behaving the same way they see their neighbors behav-ing, they illustrate
the social contagion effect.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of crowds, compared to individuals, ac-cording to Le Bon?
increased timidity
Le Bon recommended that crowd leaders make use of which of the following practices or attitudes to maximize their effectiveness?
affirmation, repetition, pre-placing of followers in the crowd
Who conducted the earliest laboratory studies investigating suggestibility and social in-fluence?
Alfred Binet
Binet and Henri’s experiments showed that children’s reported recall of recently ob-served stimuli was
most accurate when they were simply given paper and a pencil and asked to write down what they remembered.
“Mesmerism” was a term once used to describe situations that now go commonly un-der the name __________.
hypnotism
What was Franz Mesmer’s baquet?
a tub filled with iron filings, around which his clients gathered in groups
Which two figures were most responsible for bringing the previously unrespectable subject of mesmerism/hypnotism into the scientific mainstream?
James Braid and Jean Charcot
Which person became an important critic of the Salpêtrière School, following a visit on which he observed blatant examples of patients being manipulated by suggestion?
Joseph Delboeuf
Who, after learning a painful personal lesson about the effects of unintended suggestion in experiments, came to refer to such suggestions as “the cholera of psychology”?
Alfred Binet
Floyd Allport made all of the following contributions to the establishment of social psychology EXCEPT that he
created the first social psychology laboratory at Harvard University.
__________ was a Gestalt-trained psychologist who conducted pioneering research on the effects of authoritarian versus democratic leadership styles.
Kurt Lewin
Solomon Asch’s experiments showed that his subjects’ greatest tendency to conform in giving incorrect responses occurred when they were outnumbered by
a unanimous majority of seven.
Festinger and his colleagues discovered that the most effective way to change people’s attitudes about something was to
get them to publicly express a contrary attitude for a small reward.
An individual who simultaneously holds two or more incompatible beliefs or ideas, producing an uncomfortable state that the individual is motivated to relieve, is experi-encing
cognitive dissonance.
In his landmark obedience research, Stanley Milgram found that
in his laboratory situation subjects were far more obedient than anyone had predict-ed.
In the aftermath of the furor aroused by his obedience research, Stanley Milgram con-ducted studies of which of the following?
the “small world” phenomenon
Which two figures conducted laboratory experiments in social psychology before social psychology was established as a field and are therefore considered “anticipators” rather than “founders” of the field?
Alfred Binet and Norman Triplett
Floyd Allport was invited in 1921 by __________ to become co-editor of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
Morton Prince
The notion that groups or crowds could constitute superorganisms or group minds go-ing beyond the combined reactions of their individual members was referred to by __________ as the __________.
Floyd Allport; group fallacy
The experiments of __________ were partly inspired by concerns arising from events arising in Nazi Germany during World War II.
Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram
Subjects in Solomon Asch’s conformity experiments were asked to make judgments about what?
the lengths of lines that had been presented to them as stimuli
Concerns raised by experiments such as Milgram’s and Zimbardo’s have resulted in requirements that most social psychologists must now do which of the following?
obtain informed consent from all subjects before they participate in experiments
Which of the following is the title of an important book that introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance?
When Prophecy Fails
The Stanford Prison Experiment was conducted by whom?
Philip Zimbardo
The “lost in the mall” technique has been used to demonstrated that
false memories could be produced through suggestive manipulations.
