Chapter 10

Question 1

When Mesmer testified before the commission investigating Gassner’s exorcisms, he convinced them of what?

Answer 1

Gassner’s cures were real but had naturalistic rather than demonological causes.

Question 2

Which of the following is true of Mesmer’s medical dissertation, which he wrote years before his first documented magnetic cures?

Answer 2

It asserted that the planets and stars directly influence people through the effect of “animal gravitation.”

Question 3

Which of the following was true of patients who responded most strongly to Mesmer’s magnetic inductions? They

Answer 3

often experienced violent and painful “crisis states.”

Question 4

Which of the following did Mesmer NOT believe to be true about animal magnetism or hypnotism?

Answer 4

Supernatural forces are involved in the induction of the magnetic state.

Question 5

The Royal Commission appointed to investigate Franz Mesmer concluded what?

Answer 5

Mesmer’s theory of animal magnetism was worthless, so his cures must have been imaginary.

Question 6

Which of the following did Puységur INCORRECTLY believe to be an easily pro-duced effect in a good hypnotic subject?

Answer 6

abilities enhanced beyond what is possible in the normal state

Question 7

Which of the following is the best current assessment of Puységur’s belief that hypno-tized subjects can do things that would be impossible for them normally?

Answer 7

It is now known that hypnotized subjects may do things they would normally think are impossible, since hypnosis may make them more relaxed and confident.

Question 8

What happened when a few physicians in England, such as Elliotson and Ward, raised the possibility of using mesmerism as a surgical anaesthetic in the 1840s?

Answer 8

They were ridiculed or actively persecuted by the established medical community.

Question 9

Which of the following was one of the pioneers in the use of mesmerism as a surgical anesthetic?

Answer 9

James Esdaile

Question 10

James Braid helped lend scientific respectability to mesmeric phenomena by suggesting which new name for them?

Answer 10

neuro-hypnology

Question 11

Which one of the following figures was a student of Franz Mesmer who went on to make independent discoveries about the mesmeric state?

Answer 11

Marquis de Puységur

Question 12

Which early investigator of mesmerism/hypnotism first shifted the emphasis of expla-nation from the powers of the hypnotist to the susceptibilities of the subject?

Answer 12

José Custódio de Faria

Question 13

Who was the original founder of the Nancy School of hypnotism?

Answer 13

Ambroise Liébeault

Question 14

When “Good Father Liébeault” used hypnosis on his patients, he

Answer 14

proceeded very simply, first suggesting they would go to sleep and then that their symptoms would disappear.

Question 15

Bernheim, on finding that lower-class patients were especially responsive to his hyp-notic suggestions, argued that hypnotizability must be closely related to what?

Answer 15

a general trait of suggestibility

Question 16

__________ believed that only hysterics were hypnotizable, while __________ argued that normal people could be hypnotized as well.

Answer 16

Charcot; the Nancy School

Question 17

The model Charcot followed in specifying major and minor types of the illnesses that he studied was first suggested by

Answer 17

grand mal and petit mal epilepsy.

Question 18

The ancient Greeks believed hysteria was caused by

Answer 18

the displacement of the uterus to inappropriate body parts.

Question 19

Charcot’s most important scientific contribution was probably his

Answer 19

bringing scientific respectability to the study of such previously unfashionable sub-jects as hysteria and hypnotism.

Question 20

When people in a crowd begin behaving the same way they see their neighbors behav-ing, they illustrate

Answer 20

the social contagion effect.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of crowds, compared to individuals, ac-cording to Le Bon?

Answer 21

increased timidity

Question 22

Le Bon recommended that crowd leaders make use of which of the following practices or attitudes to maximize their effectiveness?

Answer 22

affirmation, repetition, pre-placing of followers in the crowd

Question 23

Who conducted the earliest laboratory studies investigating suggestibility and social in-fluence?

Answer 23

Alfred Binet

Question 24

Binet and Henri’s experiments showed that children’s reported recall of recently ob-served stimuli was

Answer 24

most accurate when they were simply given paper and a pencil and asked to write down what they remembered.

Question 25

“Mesmerism” was a term once used to describe situations that now go commonly un-der the name __________.

Answer 25

hypnotism

Question 26

What was Franz Mesmer’s baquet?

Answer 26

a tub filled with iron filings, around which his clients gathered in groups

Question 27

Which two figures were most responsible for bringing the previously unrespectable subject of mesmerism/hypnotism into the scientific mainstream?

Answer 27

James Braid and Jean Charcot

Question 28

Which person became an important critic of the Salpêtrière School, following a visit on which he observed blatant examples of patients being manipulated by suggestion?

Answer 28

Joseph Delboeuf

Question 29

Who, after learning a painful personal lesson about the effects of unintended suggestion in experiments, came to refer to such suggestions as “the cholera of psychology”?

Answer 29

Alfred Binet

Question 30

Floyd Allport made all of the following contributions to the establishment of social psychology EXCEPT that he

Answer 30

created the first social psychology laboratory at Harvard University.

Question 31

__________ was a Gestalt-trained psychologist who conducted pioneering research on the effects of authoritarian versus democratic leadership styles.

Answer 31

Kurt Lewin

Question 32

Solomon Asch’s experiments showed that his subjects’ greatest tendency to conform in giving incorrect responses occurred when they were outnumbered by

Answer 32

a unanimous majority of seven.

Question 33

Festinger and his colleagues discovered that the most effective way to change people’s attitudes about something was to

Answer 33

get them to publicly express a contrary attitude for a small reward.

Question 34

An individual who simultaneously holds two or more incompatible beliefs or ideas, producing an uncomfortable state that the individual is motivated to relieve, is experi-encing

Answer 34

cognitive dissonance.

Question 35

In his landmark obedience research, Stanley Milgram found that

Answer 35

in his laboratory situation subjects were far more obedient than anyone had predict-ed.

Question 36

In the aftermath of the furor aroused by his obedience research, Stanley Milgram con-ducted studies of which of the following?

Answer 36

the “small world” phenomenon

Question 37

Which two figures conducted laboratory experiments in social psychology before social psychology was established as a field and are therefore considered “anticipators” rather than “founders” of the field?

Answer 37

Alfred Binet and Norman Triplett

Question 38

Floyd Allport was invited in 1921 by __________ to become co-editor of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

Answer 38

Morton Prince

Question 39

The notion that groups or crowds could constitute superorganisms or group minds go-ing beyond the combined reactions of their individual members was referred to by __________ as the __________.

Answer 39

Floyd Allport; group fallacy

Question 40

The experiments of __________ were partly inspired by concerns arising from events arising in Nazi Germany during World War II.

Answer 40

Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram

Question 41

Subjects in Solomon Asch’s conformity experiments were asked to make judgments about what?

Answer 41

the lengths of lines that had been presented to them as stimuli

Question 42

Concerns raised by experiments such as Milgram’s and Zimbardo’s have resulted in requirements that most social psychologists must now do which of the following?

Answer 42

obtain informed consent from all subjects before they participate in experiments

Question 43

Which of the following is the title of an important book that introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance?

Answer 43

When Prophecy Fails

Question 44

The Stanford Prison Experiment was conducted by whom?

Answer 44

Philip Zimbardo

Question 45

The “lost in the mall” technique has been used to demonstrated that

Answer 45

false memories could be produced through suggestive manipulations.