Chapter 12

Question 1

As a student, Gordon Allport was influenced by his teacher Münsterberg’s conception of psychology as

Answer 1

a dual discipline having both an objective-causal and a subjective-purposive side.

Question 2

Gordon Allport’s youthful encounter with Freud left him with which conviction?

Answer 2

that “depth psychologies” were not always appropriate for dealing with normal in-dividuals

Question 3

The word “personality” entered psychological terminology largely as a replacement for which older term?

Answer 3

character

Question 4

Who among the following was not a major influence on Gordon Allport’s early career?

Answer 4

Alfred Adler

Question 5

Gordon and Floyd Allport’s early work on personality was notable for what?

Answer 5

discussing the concept of “personality” more systematically than had been done be-fore

Question 6

William Stern promoted a(n) __________ psychology where a central focus was on __________.

Answer 6

personalistic; the individual person

Question 7

Gordon Allport’s important collaborative projects included all of the following EX-CEPT

Answer 7

the “PEN” model of personality with Hans Eysenck

Question 8

Gordon Allport identified and promoted which of the following pairs of contrasting re-search styles in personality?

Answer 8

nomothetic and idiographic

Question 9

Of the following methods, which did Allport’s 1937 personality textbook argue was “the most revealing of all”?

Answer 9

the case study method

Question 10

What is the term for Gordon Allport’s notion that although motives may originate in childhood, they may be maintained or even strengthened in the mature personality be-cause they have become reinforcing or rewarding in their own right?

Answer 10

functional autonomy of motives

Question 11

Hans Eysenck’s personality theory emphasizes which three factors?

Answer 11

extraversion/introversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

Question 12

What type of research methodology did Cattell use in order to create the 16PF ques-tionnaire?

Answer 12

factor analysis

Question 13

What is Henry Murray is well known for?

Answer 13

his co-invention of the Thematic Apperception Test

Question 14

David McClelland and his colleagues measured the “needs” for affiliation, achievement, and power with which instrument?

Answer 14

the TAT

Question 15

Gordon Allport effectively promoted all of the following concepts EXCEPT

Answer 15

the hierarchy of needs.

Question 16

Besides personality theory, Gordon Allport made significant contributions to the study of what?

Answer 16

religion and prejudice

Question 17

Following psychoanalysis and behaviorism, what became classified as the “third force” in psychology?

Answer 17

humanistic psychology

Question 18

Abraham Maslow recalled that his own early life

Answer 18

was quite unhappy, leading him to wonder where his mature, “positive psycholo-gy” ever came from.

Question 19

Abraham Maslow’s original enthusiasm for becoming a psychologist was aroused by what?

Answer 19

John B. Watson’s behaviorism

Question 20

Maslow’s dissertation research on monkeys and motivation supported which conclu-sion?

Answer 20

Dominance and sexuality were separate but interacting motivations, and in practice dominance usually predominated over pure sexuality.

Question 21

Which one of the following was Abraham Maslow’s Ph.D. dissertation supervisor at the University of Wisconsin?

Answer 21

Harry Harlow

Question 22

What was the primary reason Maslow had trouble obtaining his first full-time universi-ty position?

Answer 22

the prevalence of anti-Semitic attitudes at the time

Question 23

Maslow’s mentors during his postgraduate experience in the “New Athens” of New York City included all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 23

John B. Watson.

Question 24

Which of the following was a major psychological term that Maslow adopted following his interaction with Max Wertheimer?

Answer 24

peak experiences

Question 25

Which of the following are Maslow’s original two examples of people he regarded as self-actualized personalities?

Answer 25

Ruth Benedict and Max Wertheimer

Question 26

Which of the following is the correct order of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, begin-ning at the bottom?

Answer 26

physiological needs, safety needs, love/belonging needs, esteem needs, self-actualization

Question 27

From which of the following figures did Maslow borrow the term “self-actualization”?

Answer 27

Kurt Goldstein

Question 28

Carl Rogers effectively promoted which of the following?

Answer 28

a client-centered therapy stressing unconditional positive regard

Question 29

In whom did Maslow find two important allies in his effort to establish of a humanistic, third force in psychology?

Answer 29

Carl Rogers and Rollo May

Question 30

What was Maslow’s late term for an ideal, utopian society inhabited by self-actualized people?

Answer 30

Eupsychia

Question 31

Gordon Allport and Abraham Maslow both had significant negative early personal ex-periences with which of the following important psychologists?

Answer 31

Edward B. Titchener

Question 32

What question did Sigmund Freud ask Gordon Allport that made a lasting impression on him?

Answer 32

Was that little boy you?

Question 33

Gordon Allport’s earliest work on personality focused largely on which of the follow-ing concepts?

Answer 33

traits

Question 34

What was William Stern’s term for a kind of “individuality” defined by a person’s rela-tive or statistical positions on a large number of separately measured traits?

Answer 34

relational individuality

Question 35

Which one of the following psychologists was a pioneer in the factor analysis of per-sonality traits?

Answer 35

Raymond Cattell

Question 36

__________ was a major controversy that preoccupied many personality psychologists in the 1970s and early 1980s.

Answer 36

the person-situation controversy

Question 37

Which one of the following psychologists suggested that, in general, situational factors may be more important than personality traits in determining a person’s behavior?

Answer 37

Walter Mischel

Question 38

The practice of using psychoanalytic and other psychological concepts to interpret and illuminate an individual’s life story is referred to as which of the following?

Answer 38

psychobiography

Question 39

Ruth Benedict was notable for which of the following?

Answer 39

the notion that culture could be thought of as “personality writ large”

Question 40

What was the title of an important book written by Erich Fromm?

Answer 40

Escape from Freedom

Question 41

From whom did Maslow learn about the importance of peak experiences and “Aha moments”?

Answer 41

Max Wertheimer

Question 42

Maslow’s theory of human motivations is traditionally depicted with which image?

Answer 42

a pyramid with physiological needs at the base and self-actualization at the top

Question 43

How is Carl Rogers’s therapeutic technique of reflection best defined?

Answer 43

mirroring back what the client has said but using different words

Question 44

The “quest for meaning” is a particularly prominent theme in which of the following?

Answer 44

Rollo May’s existential psychotherapy

Question 45

With which of the following concepts is Martin Seligman most closely associated?

Answer 45

positive psychology