Chapter 13 Flashcards
What did Binet find when he measured the reaction times of his young daughters?
Their responses were variable, depending on how well they paid attention to the task.
As he was beginning his self-instruction in psychology, Binet became particularly en-thusiastic about which approach?
associationism
After observing and comparing the behavior and test responses of his two daughters, Alfred Binet characterized them as the
“observer” and the “imaginer.”
Binet came to regard __________ as the “cholera” of psychology.
unintentional suggestion
Binet’s case studies of creative and extraordinarily talented individuals led him to con-clude which of the following?
There was great variability in the specific ways they went about their tasks.
Binet’s work on “Individual Psychology” with Victor Henri finally led him to conclude which of the following?
There is no substitute for extended and detailed case studies in understanding indi-viduality.
In 1905, who developed the first test of intelligence with substantial validity?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
What was Binet’s major purpose in developing his intelligence tests?
to accurately diagnose subnormal children
Binet and Simon discovered that normal children differed intellectually from subnormal children primarily by being able to solve problems and answer questions
in general at a younger age.
What was the general term favored by Binet to summarize the main result of his intelli-gence tests?
intellectual level
Charles Spearman theorized that all intellectual tasks must entail two kinds of factors, a single common factor which he called __________ and a second kind that focused on __________.
general intelligence; specific abilities
“Mental orthopedics” was a program developed by Binet, intended to improve chil-dren’s
concentration, attention, and intellectual levels.
The idea of summarizing the result of children’s intelligence test results by a “quotient,” the ratio of mental age to chronological age, was first proposed by whom?
William Stern
Lewis M. Terman became well known for which of the following?
revising the Binet-Simon Intelligence scale and researching children who were mentally advanced
What did Catherine Cox’s biographical study of historical geniuses suggest?
If tests had been available, virtually all of them would have achieved high IQs in childhood.
Binet would probably have been skeptical about all of the following developments in intelligence testing EXCEPT
Piaget’s discovery of the cognitive stages.
As a teenager and university student, Jean Piaget’s formal training was primarily in what fields?
natural science and the biology of mollusks
What aroused Piaget’s original interest the subject of children’s intelligence?
his fascination with the question as to why children often gave incorrect answers to intelligence test items
A crucial, innovative idea of Jean Piaget’s was that
intelligence varies qualitatively with age
In Piaget’s terminology, the knowledge lacked by an infant, to the effect that things have continuing existences even when they are outside of immediate sensory aware-ness, is called the sense of
object constancy.
According to Piaget’s theory, a child in the __________ stage of intelligence lacks the ability to solve problems involving __________.
sensory-motor; conservation of quantity
According to Piaget’s theory, __________ is an important procedure a child must learn to perform in the course of attaining both object constancy and the conservation of quantity.
reversing operations
A child who thinks he or she gets more meat by cutting up one large piece into several smaller ones illustrates the particular inability that is characteristic of Piaget’s __________ stage.
preoperational
Which philosophical approach profoundly affected young Piaget?
Bergson’s creative evolution
What was Piaget’s favored term for his general theory and approach?
genetic epistemology
Bärbel Inhelder was important to Piaget as
a student of his who went on to collaborate with him in studying cognitive devel-opment.
According to Jerome Bruner’s theory, the three “modes” in which people learn about objects are in terms of (A) their perceptual quality, (B) doing things with them, and (C) the symbols for representing them. What is the normal sequence in which these occur, and which of these sequences should be followed in ideal teaching methods?
B, then A, then C
In Bruner’s theory, the earliest mode of representation, in which a child begins by do-ing something with a new stimulus object, is called the
enactive mode.
Piaget believed all of the following EXCEPT
that knowing about the sequence of developmental stages would potentially allow learning to be accelerated in children almost beyond limits.
Piaget’s work and theories had major impact on the development of all of the following areas EXCEPT
personality psychology.
When Alfred Binet compared the responses of adults with those of his young daugh-ters to various kinds of test items, he found the most significant differences occurred on which type of items?
vocabulary
In the latter part of his life Binet collaborated in the writing of a series of __________.
macabre plays with violent and ghoulish themes
Who among the following was the first psychologist to promote the use of Binet-type intelligence tests in America?
Henry Goddard
Which of the following is the title of an originally popular but now discredited book emphasizing “the menace of the feeble-minded”?
The Kallikak Family
Which of the following was NOT true about the grown-up population of gifted chil-dren identified by Lewis Terman in the 1920?
a significant proportion of them became prominent in the creative arts
Who among the following was primarily responsible for establishing intelligence tests that were specifically designed for adult population?
David Wechsler
Which of the following is NOT true about a deviation IQ?
It was intended predict deviant behavior in both adults and children.
In developing his intelligence tests, David Wechsler was particularly influenced by which aspect(s) of the World War I Army testing program?
that there was a version of the army test designed for groups of illiterate subjects
Which of the following best defines the Flynn effect?
the fact that people’s scores on recently standardized IQ tests tend to be lower than on older ones
Who among the following was a psychologist born in Soviet Russia who emphasized the importance of sociocultural factors in the development of intelligence?
Lev Vygotsky
Which of the following psychologists introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
Lev Vygotsky
Which of the following best defines the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
a child’s potential for immediate intellectual growth with mild coaching
In their theories of intellectual development, __________ emphasized biologically based factors, while __________ emphasized sociocultural ones.
Jean Piaget; Lev Vygotsky
Which of the following techniques was used by Jerome Bruner in his program to teach children some basic mathematical ideas?
providing randomly sized handfuls of beans to be arranged into rows and columns
Which of the following psychologists was instrumental in bringing Lev Vygotsky’s ideas to the attention of English speaking colleagues?
Jerome Bruner
