Chapter 13

Question 1

What did Binet find when he measured the reaction times of his young daughters?

Answer 1

Their responses were variable, depending on how well they paid attention to the task.

Question 2

As he was beginning his self-instruction in psychology, Binet became particularly en-thusiastic about which approach?

Answer 2

associationism

Question 3

After observing and comparing the behavior and test responses of his two daughters, Alfred Binet characterized them as the

Answer 3

“observer” and the “imaginer.”

Question 4

Binet came to regard __________ as the “cholera” of psychology.

Answer 4

unintentional suggestion

Question 5

Binet’s case studies of creative and extraordinarily talented individuals led him to con-clude which of the following?

Answer 5

There was great variability in the specific ways they went about their tasks.

Question 6

Binet’s work on “Individual Psychology” with Victor Henri finally led him to conclude which of the following?

Answer 6

There is no substitute for extended and detailed case studies in understanding indi-viduality.

Question 7

In 1905, who developed the first test of intelligence with substantial validity?

Answer 7

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Question 8

What was Binet’s major purpose in developing his intelligence tests?

Answer 8

to accurately diagnose subnormal children

Question 9

Binet and Simon discovered that normal children differed intellectually from subnormal children primarily by being able to solve problems and answer questions

Answer 9

in general at a younger age.

Question 10

What was the general term favored by Binet to summarize the main result of his intelli-gence tests?

Answer 10

intellectual level

Question 11

Charles Spearman theorized that all intellectual tasks must entail two kinds of factors, a single common factor which he called __________ and a second kind that focused on __________.

Answer 11

general intelligence; specific abilities

Question 12

“Mental orthopedics” was a program developed by Binet, intended to improve chil-dren’s

Answer 12

concentration, attention, and intellectual levels.

Question 13

The idea of summarizing the result of children’s intelligence test results by a “quotient,” the ratio of mental age to chronological age, was first proposed by whom?

Answer 13

William Stern

Question 14

Lewis M. Terman became well known for which of the following?

Answer 14

revising the Binet-Simon Intelligence scale and researching children who were mentally advanced

Question 15

What did Catherine Cox’s biographical study of historical geniuses suggest?

Answer 15

If tests had been available, virtually all of them would have achieved high IQs in childhood.

Question 16

Binet would probably have been skeptical about all of the following developments in intelligence testing EXCEPT

Answer 16

Piaget’s discovery of the cognitive stages.

Question 17

As a teenager and university student, Jean Piaget’s formal training was primarily in what fields?

Answer 17

natural science and the biology of mollusks

Question 18

What aroused Piaget’s original interest the subject of children’s intelligence?

Answer 18

his fascination with the question as to why children often gave incorrect answers to intelligence test items

Question 19

A crucial, innovative idea of Jean Piaget’s was that

Answer 19

intelligence varies qualitatively with age

Question 20

In Piaget’s terminology, the knowledge lacked by an infant, to the effect that things have continuing existences even when they are outside of immediate sensory aware-ness, is called the sense of

Answer 20

object constancy.

Question 21

According to Piaget’s theory, a child in the __________ stage of intelligence lacks the ability to solve problems involving __________.

Answer 21

sensory-motor; conservation of quantity

Question 22

According to Piaget’s theory, __________ is an important procedure a child must learn to perform in the course of attaining both object constancy and the conservation of quantity.

Answer 22

reversing operations

Question 23

A child who thinks he or she gets more meat by cutting up one large piece into several smaller ones illustrates the particular inability that is characteristic of Piaget’s __________ stage.

Answer 23

preoperational

Question 24

Which philosophical approach profoundly affected young Piaget?

Answer 24

Bergson’s creative evolution

Question 25

What was Piaget’s favored term for his general theory and approach?

Answer 25

genetic epistemology

Question 26

Bärbel Inhelder was important to Piaget as

Answer 26

a student of his who went on to collaborate with him in studying cognitive devel-opment.

Question 27

According to Jerome Bruner’s theory, the three “modes” in which people learn about objects are in terms of (A) their perceptual quality, (B) doing things with them, and (C) the symbols for representing them. What is the normal sequence in which these occur, and which of these sequences should be followed in ideal teaching methods?

Answer 27

B, then A, then C

Question 28

In Bruner’s theory, the earliest mode of representation, in which a child begins by do-ing something with a new stimulus object, is called the

Answer 28

enactive mode.

Question 29

Piaget believed all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 29

that knowing about the sequence of developmental stages would potentially allow learning to be accelerated in children almost beyond limits.

Question 30

Piaget’s work and theories had major impact on the development of all of the following areas EXCEPT

Answer 30

personality psychology.

Question 31

When Alfred Binet compared the responses of adults with those of his young daugh-ters to various kinds of test items, he found the most significant differences occurred on which type of items?

Answer 31

vocabulary

Question 32

In the latter part of his life Binet collaborated in the writing of a series of __________.

Answer 32

macabre plays with violent and ghoulish themes

Question 33

Who among the following was the first psychologist to promote the use of Binet-type intelligence tests in America?

Answer 33

Henry Goddard

Question 34

Which of the following is the title of an originally popular but now discredited book emphasizing “the menace of the feeble-minded”?

Answer 34

The Kallikak Family

Question 35

Which of the following was NOT true about the grown-up population of gifted chil-dren identified by Lewis Terman in the 1920?

Answer 35

a significant proportion of them became prominent in the creative arts

Question 36

Who among the following was primarily responsible for establishing intelligence tests that were specifically designed for adult population?

Answer 36

David Wechsler

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT true about a deviation IQ?

Answer 37

It was intended predict deviant behavior in both adults and children.

Question 38

In developing his intelligence tests, David Wechsler was particularly influenced by which aspect(s) of the World War I Army testing program?

Answer 38

that there was a version of the army test designed for groups of illiterate subjects

Question 39

Which of the following best defines the Flynn effect?

Answer 39

the fact that people’s scores on recently standardized IQ tests tend to be lower than on older ones

Question 40

Who among the following was a psychologist born in Soviet Russia who emphasized the importance of sociocultural factors in the development of intelligence?

Answer 40

Lev Vygotsky

Question 41

Which of the following psychologists introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

Answer 41

Lev Vygotsky

Question 42

Which of the following best defines the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

Answer 42

a child’s potential for immediate intellectual growth with mild coaching

Question 43

In their theories of intellectual development, __________ emphasized biologically based factors, while __________ emphasized sociocultural ones.

Answer 43

Jean Piaget; Lev Vygotsky

Question 44

Which of the following techniques was used by Jerome Bruner in his program to teach children some basic mathematical ideas?

Answer 44

providing randomly sized handfuls of beans to be arranged into rows and columns

Question 45

Which of the following psychologists was instrumental in bringing Lev Vygotsky’s ideas to the attention of English speaking colleagues?

Answer 45

Jerome Bruner