Chapter 3

Question 1

Which of the following physicians published the first accurate description of the brain’s complex physical shape and emphasized the substance of the brain’s various structures rather than the spaces and fluids of the brain? He also observed that brain tissue was of different forms—gray matter and white matter—and described the blood vessels of the brain.

Answer 1

Thomas Willis

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the contributions made by Franz Gall?

Answer 2

He founded the movement that came to be known as phrenology.

Question 3

__________ is the doctrine that holds that particular psychological faculties are localized in specific parts of the brain, while __________ refers to the belief that facial characteristics are associated with specific psychological qualities.

Answer 3

Phrenology; physiognomy

Question 4

Which of the following assumptions was an error of Gall’s in his phrenological theory?

Answer 4

The shape of the skull accurately reflects the shape of the brain lying beneath.

Question 5

Which of the following was the major technique used by Pierre Flourens in his at-tempts to refute phrenological theory?

Answer 5

experimental ablations from the brains of animals

Question 6

Pierre Flourens showed that the brain center for the coordination of movement was the

Answer 6

cerebellum, which phrenologists thought was the center for “amativeness.”

Question 7

Flourens’s conception of the brain emphasized all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 7

the localization of several different sensory functions in specific parts of the brain.

Question 8

A patient who can make vocal sounds and exclamations, can understand spoken speech, but cannot utter ordinary declarative sentences is said to suffer from

Answer 8

motor aphasia.

Question 9

In the famous case of Tan, the lesion responsible for his aphasia apparently began in the

Answer 9

left frontal lobe, near Gall’s organ of verbal memory.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true of Paul Broca?

Answer 10

He discovered the sensory strip running down the side of the cortex.

Question 11

Paul Broca effectively challenged Flourens’s idea of a unified cerebral cortex, providing evidence for the localization of function in the brain. The individuals who studied localization of function in the years following Broca’s work were sometimes referred to as

Answer 11

new phrenologists.

Question 12

Fritsch and Hitzig inaugurated the new era in brain research when they electrically stimulated the cortex of a dog in 1870. The functional area they discovered when they did so was the

Answer 12

motor strip

Question 13

The technique used by Fritsch and Hitzig in their discovery of an area of the brain known as the motor strip was

Answer 13

electrical stimulation of different parts of animals’ brains.

Question 14

David Ferrier discovered he could produce fast movements in the eyes of monkeys, as if they were looking at something, when he stimulated the

Answer 14

visual area, in the occipital (rear) lobe of the cortex.

Question 15

Ablation of the __________ strip results in a loss of sensitivity in specific parts of the body, while ablation of the __________ strip results in paralysis.

Answer 15

sensory; motor

Question 16

The discovery of several different sensory and motor regions of the brain in the 1870s proved that

Answer 16

there was more localization of function than Flourens had believed, but it was of a different kind from that hypothesized by phrenologists.

Question 17

Damage to Wernicke’s area produces

Answer 17

inability to understand the spoken words of others or oneself and mispronunciation in one’s own speech.

Question 18

Sensory aphasia is also known as __________, while motor aphasia is also known as __________.

Answer 18

Wernicke’s aphasia; Broca’s aphasia

Question 19

A rare condition in which patients’ only linguistic symptoms are frequent mispronunciations and an inability to repeat back what has been said to them is called

Answer 19

conduction aphasia.

Question 20

Wernicke called errors of speech that include numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations

Answer 20

paraphasias.

Question 21

If the brain’s language areas are damaged in early infancy,

Answer 21

language functions may develop normally, nonetheless.

Question 22

In general, which kinds of memories are most affected by head injuries?

Answer 22

recent memories

Question 23

__________ was an earlier proponent of the plasticity and equipotentiality of the brain who directly influenced Karl Lashley’s research on the subject.

Answer 23

Shepherd Ivory Franz

Question 24

Which of the following was a new feature of Shepherd Ivory Franz’s studies on the localization of memory?

Answer 24

They combined ablation with animal training.

Question 25

Karl Lashley tried to test the localization of memory hypothesis by observing the effects of ablations on

Answer 25

rats who had previously learned to run mazes.

Question 26

In Lashley’s experiments, the two most important determinants of learning loss were the

Answer 26

amount of brain tissue destroyed and the difficulty of the previously learned tasks.

Question 27

Lashley’s principle that “the efficiency of performance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of the brain injury” is known as

Answer 27

the law of mass action.

Question 28

What is a term used to describe the brain’s neural plasticity, in which healthy areas have the ability to take over the functions of damaged areas?

Answer 28

equipotentiality

Question 29

The notion that a single memory may be “stored” in several different specific locations scattered throughout the brain is known as

Answer 29

the redundancy hypothesis.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT true of Bartholow’s 1874 study of electrical stimulation of a conscious human brain?

Answer 30

It was performed only after Bartholow first conducted the same experiment with monkeys.

Question 31

Wilder Penfield showed that the nature of an epileptic patient’s aura is a function of the

Answer 31

location of the diseased focus at which the seizure begins.

Question 32

Penfield showed that auditory hallucinations such as Beethoven symphonies or complete conversations could be produced by stimulating the

Answer 32

primary auditory area.

Question 33

Penfield referred to responses such as a sense of déjà vu, unfamiliarity, guilt, or euphoria as __________ responses and found that they could be produced by stimulation in the __________.

Answer 33

interpretive; temporal lobe

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons one should be cautious in interpreting Penfield’s “experiential responses” as evidence for the specific localization of individual memories?

Answer 34

The electrical stimulation was not applied to precisely identifiable locations on the cortex.

Question 35

Why was Donald O. Hebb’s seminal work, entitled The Organization of Behavior (1949), important?

Answer 35

It related learning and other behavior to the hypothetical functioning of “neurological networks.”

Question 36

In his later life Wilder Penfield came to believe that

Answer 36

“mind” and “brain” were probably two independent although interacting entities.

Question 37

In their work together Brenda Milner and Wilder Penfield became particularly interested in the functioning of which area of the brain?

Answer 37

hippocampus

Question 38

Milner’s work with H. M. led her to contribute which major new idea to memory research?

Answer 38

There were multiple but integrated memory systems.

Question 39

The major deficit of Milner’s patient H.M. was that he

Answer 39

could not transfer information from working memory to long-term storage.

Question 40

Which of the following was NOT true about Milner’s patient H.M.?

Answer 40

His declarative memory remained relatively intact.

Question 41

Following his death H.M.’s death his brain was

Answer 41

preserved for future study.

Question 42

Milner’s discoveries about differing memory systems represented part of the development of which emerging field of psychology?

Answer 42

cognitive psychology

Question 43

Today efforts to study the brain often involve using various kinds of penetrating waves to take a series of images of the brain in sections or slices. These kinds of techniques are referred to as

Answer 43

tomography.

Question 44

The interdisciplinary field in which investigators use neuroimaging techniques to see what is going on in the brain when various cognitive activities are performed is called

Answer 44

cognitive neuroscience.

Question 45

Researchers who use brain imaging to investigate how the brain processes social information work in the field known as

Answer 45

social neuroscience.