Chapter 3 Flashcards
Which of the following physicians published the first accurate description of the brain’s complex physical shape and emphasized the substance of the brain’s various structures rather than the spaces and fluids of the brain? He also observed that brain tissue was of different forms—gray matter and white matter—and described the blood vessels of the brain.
Thomas Willis
Which of the following is NOT one of the contributions made by Franz Gall?
He founded the movement that came to be known as phrenology.
__________ is the doctrine that holds that particular psychological faculties are localized in specific parts of the brain, while __________ refers to the belief that facial characteristics are associated with specific psychological qualities.
Phrenology; physiognomy
Which of the following assumptions was an error of Gall’s in his phrenological theory?
The shape of the skull accurately reflects the shape of the brain lying beneath.
Which of the following was the major technique used by Pierre Flourens in his at-tempts to refute phrenological theory?
experimental ablations from the brains of animals
Pierre Flourens showed that the brain center for the coordination of movement was the
cerebellum, which phrenologists thought was the center for “amativeness.”
Flourens’s conception of the brain emphasized all of the following EXCEPT
the localization of several different sensory functions in specific parts of the brain.
A patient who can make vocal sounds and exclamations, can understand spoken speech, but cannot utter ordinary declarative sentences is said to suffer from
motor aphasia.
In the famous case of Tan, the lesion responsible for his aphasia apparently began in the
left frontal lobe, near Gall’s organ of verbal memory.
Which of the following is NOT true of Paul Broca?
He discovered the sensory strip running down the side of the cortex.
Paul Broca effectively challenged Flourens’s idea of a unified cerebral cortex, providing evidence for the localization of function in the brain. The individuals who studied localization of function in the years following Broca’s work were sometimes referred to as
new phrenologists.
Fritsch and Hitzig inaugurated the new era in brain research when they electrically stimulated the cortex of a dog in 1870. The functional area they discovered when they did so was the
motor strip
The technique used by Fritsch and Hitzig in their discovery of an area of the brain known as the motor strip was
electrical stimulation of different parts of animals’ brains.
David Ferrier discovered he could produce fast movements in the eyes of monkeys, as if they were looking at something, when he stimulated the
visual area, in the occipital (rear) lobe of the cortex.
Ablation of the __________ strip results in a loss of sensitivity in specific parts of the body, while ablation of the __________ strip results in paralysis.
sensory; motor
The discovery of several different sensory and motor regions of the brain in the 1870s proved that
there was more localization of function than Flourens had believed, but it was of a different kind from that hypothesized by phrenologists.
Damage to Wernicke’s area produces
inability to understand the spoken words of others or oneself and mispronunciation in one’s own speech.
Sensory aphasia is also known as __________, while motor aphasia is also known as __________.
Wernicke’s aphasia; Broca’s aphasia
A rare condition in which patients’ only linguistic symptoms are frequent mispronunciations and an inability to repeat back what has been said to them is called
conduction aphasia.
Wernicke called errors of speech that include numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations
paraphasias.
If the brain’s language areas are damaged in early infancy,
language functions may develop normally, nonetheless.
In general, which kinds of memories are most affected by head injuries?
recent memories
__________ was an earlier proponent of the plasticity and equipotentiality of the brain who directly influenced Karl Lashley’s research on the subject.
Shepherd Ivory Franz
Which of the following was a new feature of Shepherd Ivory Franz’s studies on the localization of memory?
They combined ablation with animal training.
Karl Lashley tried to test the localization of memory hypothesis by observing the effects of ablations on
rats who had previously learned to run mazes.
In Lashley’s experiments, the two most important determinants of learning loss were the
amount of brain tissue destroyed and the difficulty of the previously learned tasks.
Lashley’s principle that “the efficiency of performance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of the brain injury” is known as
the law of mass action.
What is a term used to describe the brain’s neural plasticity, in which healthy areas have the ability to take over the functions of damaged areas?
equipotentiality
The notion that a single memory may be “stored” in several different specific locations scattered throughout the brain is known as
the redundancy hypothesis.
Which of the following is NOT true of Bartholow’s 1874 study of electrical stimulation of a conscious human brain?
It was performed only after Bartholow first conducted the same experiment with monkeys.
Wilder Penfield showed that the nature of an epileptic patient’s aura is a function of the
location of the diseased focus at which the seizure begins.
Penfield showed that auditory hallucinations such as Beethoven symphonies or complete conversations could be produced by stimulating the
primary auditory area.
Penfield referred to responses such as a sense of déjà vu, unfamiliarity, guilt, or euphoria as __________ responses and found that they could be produced by stimulation in the __________.
interpretive; temporal lobe
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons one should be cautious in interpreting Penfield’s “experiential responses” as evidence for the specific localization of individual memories?
The electrical stimulation was not applied to precisely identifiable locations on the cortex.
Why was Donald O. Hebb’s seminal work, entitled The Organization of Behavior (1949), important?
It related learning and other behavior to the hypothetical functioning of “neurological networks.”
In his later life Wilder Penfield came to believe that
“mind” and “brain” were probably two independent although interacting entities.
In their work together Brenda Milner and Wilder Penfield became particularly interested in the functioning of which area of the brain?
hippocampus
Milner’s work with H. M. led her to contribute which major new idea to memory research?
There were multiple but integrated memory systems.
The major deficit of Milner’s patient H.M. was that he
could not transfer information from working memory to long-term storage.
Which of the following was NOT true about Milner’s patient H.M.?
His declarative memory remained relatively intact.
Following his death H.M.’s death his brain was
preserved for future study.
Milner’s discoveries about differing memory systems represented part of the development of which emerging field of psychology?
cognitive psychology
Today efforts to study the brain often involve using various kinds of penetrating waves to take a series of images of the brain in sections or slices. These kinds of techniques are referred to as
tomography.
The interdisciplinary field in which investigators use neuroimaging techniques to see what is going on in the brain when various cognitive activities are performed is called
cognitive neuroscience.
Researchers who use brain imaging to investigate how the brain processes social information work in the field known as
social neuroscience.