Chapter 8

Question 1

Psychologist __________ said that fellow psychologist __________’s form of psy-chology “could hardly have arisen in a country whose natives could be bored… There is little of the grand style about these new prism, pendulum, and chronograph-philosophers. They mean business, not chivalry.”

Answer 1

William James; Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

All of the following are true of William James’s family members EXCEPT

Answer 2

his mother was a well-known spiritualist and medium.

Question 3

William James’s personal crisis was resolved in part because of his reading the fol-lowing philosophical work.

Answer 3

Charles Renouvier on free will

Question 4

As part of his recovery from his personal crisis, William James adopted philosopher and psychologist __________’s practice of repeating morally desirable actions (in James’s case, more optimistic thoughts) so that they become permanent and automatic __________.

Answer 4

Alexander Bain; habits

Question 5

A criterion for “truth” that William James adopted early and retained throughout his life was to accept as true

Answer 5

ideas that it proved useful to believe in.

Question 6

William James’s The Principles of Psychology is notable for all of the following rea-sons EXCEPT

Answer 6

it outlined his unique, comprehensive system of scientific psychology.

Question 7

William James clearly established himself as an outstanding teacher of psychology with the publication of his 1890 book entitled

Answer 7

The Principles of Psychology.

Question 8

A famous passage in James’s textbook described __________ as “the enormous fly-wheel of society,” which “saves the children of fortune from the uprisings of the poor,” and “dooms us all to fight out the battle of life upon the lines of our nurture or our early choice.”

Answer 8

habit

Question 9

James believed that the best metaphor for conscious thought is as a

Answer 9

stream.

Question 10

James’s theory of emotion holds that emotions are

Answer 10

the perceptions of internal bodily changes.

Question 11

James’s theory suggested that emotional states could most effectively be changed by

Answer 11

behaving as if they were different.

Question 12

What was James’s stand on the free-will determinism issue?

Answer 12

As a psychologist he accepted determinism, but in his other roles he accepted free will.

Question 13

What was the name James gave to his philosophical approach?

Answer 13

pragmatism

Question 14

William James’s most important contribution to psychology was probably

Answer 14

an infectious enthusiasm and point of view that made psychology seem interesting and attractive.

Question 15

William James’s theories regarding habit were influenced by which of the following?

Answer 15

Bain’s neural connection theory of habit

Question 16

James’s Principles asserted the following about human acts of will.

Answer 16

Acts of will are strongly accompanied by attention, and he left it an open question as to whether they are mechanistically determined or “free.”

Question 17

James succeeded as a teacher of psychology in large part because he

Answer 17

had an engaging teaching style and the ability to make the findings of psychology personally relevant to his students.

Question 18

James’s The Principles of Psychology had chapters on all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 18

the unconscious.

Question 19

The James-Lange theory of emotion holds that

Answer 19

emotion is a consequence rather than a cause of the bodily changes associated with it.

Question 20

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following sequences is correct?

Answer 20

We suffer a great loss, weep, and feel sorry.

Question 21

__________ was a Wundt-trained German psychologist recruited to Harvard by Wil-liam James in 1892 to take over main responsibility for psychology.

Answer 21

Max Wertheimer

Question 22

William James’s attitude toward spiritism and psychical research is best described as

Answer 22

actively encouraging and participating in psychical research and being disappointed when experiments turned out negatively.

Question 23

The “Metaphysical Club,” to which James belonged as a young man, was devoted to

Answer 23

philosophical discussion of questions such as Darwinism and the pragmatic evalua-tion of scientific ideas.

Question 24

__________ coined the term pragmatism, which holds that knowledge can never be certain but instead that ideas __________.

Answer 24

Charles Sanders Peirce; work with varying effectiveness in adapting to the world

Question 25

In The Varieties of Religious Experience James characterized science as objective, general, and impersonal and religion as subjective, individual, and personal. What was his final stance when it came to science and religion?

Answer 25

He held that religion deals with issues of greater ultimate importance.

Question 26

Although his Ph.D. was nominally in philosophy, psychologist __________ was awarded the first American Ph.D. for research in experimental psychology.

Answer 26

G. Stanley Hall

Question 27

Which the following was NOT one of James’s eminent students?

Answer 27

James Roland Angell

Question 28

Which the following was NOT one of G. Stanley Hall’s important contributions?

Answer 28

conducting pioneering research on learning in white rats

Question 29

What controversial decision did G. Stanley Hall make when starting the American Journal of Psychology?

Answer 29

He accepted money to help fund the journal from a wealthy member of the Ameri-can Society for Psychical Research but had no intention of publishing psychical studies.

Question 30

Psychologist __________ was a leading figure in the __________ movement, an effort to systematically gather information about children in order to develop more effective educational practices.

Answer 30

G. Stanley Hall; child study

Question 31

G. Stanley Hall advocated which of the following approaches in his theory of child de-velopment?

Answer 31

a “recapitulationist” view, that individual development parallels the evolution of the species

Question 32

G. Stanley Hall’s beliefs about race and gender were informed by his __________ views. For instance, he believed __________ needed to express their “savage” nature to reach their full potential and that the reproductive organs of __________ could be damaged by prolonged education.

Answer 32

recapitulationist; Caucasian boys; women

Question 33

Who was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology?

Answer 33

Francis Cecil Sumner, supervised by Hall

Question 34

Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark were students of __________ and are known for __________.

Answer 34

Francis Cecil Sumner; conducting the famous doll studies of racial identity in black and white children that were cited as part of the U.S. Supreme Court case that de-segregated public schools

Question 35

Who was the first President of the American Psychological Association?

Answer 35

G. Stanley Hall

Question 36

Which of the following was NOT true regarding the career of Mary Whiton Calkins?

Answer 36

She was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard.

Question 37

Three women were featured as “star” psychologists in the 1903 edition of American Men of Science. Which of the following was NOT one of them?

Answer 37

Eleanor Gibson

Question 38

In order to equip the psychological laboratory she established at Wellesley College, Mary Whiton Calkins consulted with which psychologist?

Answer 38

Edmund Sanford

Question 39

Mary Whiton Calkins’s research on “paired associates” revealed that

Answer 39

numerals associated with vivid colors were remembered somewhat better than those with neutral colors.

Question 40

The self-psychology developed by Mary Whiton Calkins regarded the self as

Answer 40

active, guiding, purposeful, and present in all acts of consciousness.

Question 41

Edna Heidbreder is notable for what contribution to psychology?

Answer 41

She wrote the highly influential book, Seven Psychologies, which explored the question of what a system of psychology is.

Question 42

Edward Thorndike’s early research on learning involved which kinds of subjects?

Answer 42

chickens and cats

Question 43

In the early 1900s Edward Thorndike collaborated with Robert S. Woodworth in an in-fluential study of

Answer 43

the transfer of training in humans.

Question 44

The finding that when certain stimulus-response sequences are followed by pleasure they are strengthened and when followed by annoyance or pain they tend to be “stamped out” exemplifies

Answer 44

Thorndike’s law of effect.

Question 45

The system of psychology that grew out of Darwinian thinking and focuses attention on the utility and purpose of behavior is known as

Answer 45

functionalism.