Chapter 8 Flashcards
Psychologist __________ said that fellow psychologist __________’s form of psy-chology “could hardly have arisen in a country whose natives could be bored… There is little of the grand style about these new prism, pendulum, and chronograph-philosophers. They mean business, not chivalry.”
William James; Wilhelm Wundt
All of the following are true of William James’s family members EXCEPT
his mother was a well-known spiritualist and medium.
William James’s personal crisis was resolved in part because of his reading the fol-lowing philosophical work.
Charles Renouvier on free will
As part of his recovery from his personal crisis, William James adopted philosopher and psychologist __________’s practice of repeating morally desirable actions (in James’s case, more optimistic thoughts) so that they become permanent and automatic __________.
Alexander Bain; habits
A criterion for “truth” that William James adopted early and retained throughout his life was to accept as true
ideas that it proved useful to believe in.
William James’s The Principles of Psychology is notable for all of the following rea-sons EXCEPT
it outlined his unique, comprehensive system of scientific psychology.
William James clearly established himself as an outstanding teacher of psychology with the publication of his 1890 book entitled
The Principles of Psychology.
A famous passage in James’s textbook described __________ as “the enormous fly-wheel of society,” which “saves the children of fortune from the uprisings of the poor,” and “dooms us all to fight out the battle of life upon the lines of our nurture or our early choice.”
habit
James believed that the best metaphor for conscious thought is as a
stream.
James’s theory of emotion holds that emotions are
the perceptions of internal bodily changes.
James’s theory suggested that emotional states could most effectively be changed by
behaving as if they were different.
What was James’s stand on the free-will determinism issue?
As a psychologist he accepted determinism, but in his other roles he accepted free will.
What was the name James gave to his philosophical approach?
pragmatism
William James’s most important contribution to psychology was probably
an infectious enthusiasm and point of view that made psychology seem interesting and attractive.
William James’s theories regarding habit were influenced by which of the following?
Bain’s neural connection theory of habit
James’s Principles asserted the following about human acts of will.
Acts of will are strongly accompanied by attention, and he left it an open question as to whether they are mechanistically determined or “free.”
James succeeded as a teacher of psychology in large part because he
had an engaging teaching style and the ability to make the findings of psychology personally relevant to his students.
James’s The Principles of Psychology had chapters on all of the following EXCEPT
the unconscious.
The James-Lange theory of emotion holds that
emotion is a consequence rather than a cause of the bodily changes associated with it.
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following sequences is correct?
We suffer a great loss, weep, and feel sorry.
__________ was a Wundt-trained German psychologist recruited to Harvard by Wil-liam James in 1892 to take over main responsibility for psychology.
Max Wertheimer
William James’s attitude toward spiritism and psychical research is best described as
actively encouraging and participating in psychical research and being disappointed when experiments turned out negatively.
The “Metaphysical Club,” to which James belonged as a young man, was devoted to
philosophical discussion of questions such as Darwinism and the pragmatic evalua-tion of scientific ideas.
__________ coined the term pragmatism, which holds that knowledge can never be certain but instead that ideas __________.
Charles Sanders Peirce; work with varying effectiveness in adapting to the world
In The Varieties of Religious Experience James characterized science as objective, general, and impersonal and religion as subjective, individual, and personal. What was his final stance when it came to science and religion?
He held that religion deals with issues of greater ultimate importance.
Although his Ph.D. was nominally in philosophy, psychologist __________ was awarded the first American Ph.D. for research in experimental psychology.
G. Stanley Hall
Which the following was NOT one of James’s eminent students?
James Roland Angell
Which the following was NOT one of G. Stanley Hall’s important contributions?
conducting pioneering research on learning in white rats
What controversial decision did G. Stanley Hall make when starting the American Journal of Psychology?
He accepted money to help fund the journal from a wealthy member of the Ameri-can Society for Psychical Research but had no intention of publishing psychical studies.
Psychologist __________ was a leading figure in the __________ movement, an effort to systematically gather information about children in order to develop more effective educational practices.
G. Stanley Hall; child study
G. Stanley Hall advocated which of the following approaches in his theory of child de-velopment?
a “recapitulationist” view, that individual development parallels the evolution of the species
G. Stanley Hall’s beliefs about race and gender were informed by his __________ views. For instance, he believed __________ needed to express their “savage” nature to reach their full potential and that the reproductive organs of __________ could be damaged by prolonged education.
recapitulationist; Caucasian boys; women
Who was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology?
Francis Cecil Sumner, supervised by Hall
Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark were students of __________ and are known for __________.
Francis Cecil Sumner; conducting the famous doll studies of racial identity in black and white children that were cited as part of the U.S. Supreme Court case that de-segregated public schools
Who was the first President of the American Psychological Association?
G. Stanley Hall
Which of the following was NOT true regarding the career of Mary Whiton Calkins?
She was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard.
Three women were featured as “star” psychologists in the 1903 edition of American Men of Science. Which of the following was NOT one of them?
Eleanor Gibson
In order to equip the psychological laboratory she established at Wellesley College, Mary Whiton Calkins consulted with which psychologist?
Edmund Sanford
Mary Whiton Calkins’s research on “paired associates” revealed that
numerals associated with vivid colors were remembered somewhat better than those with neutral colors.
The self-psychology developed by Mary Whiton Calkins regarded the self as
active, guiding, purposeful, and present in all acts of consciousness.
Edna Heidbreder is notable for what contribution to psychology?
She wrote the highly influential book, Seven Psychologies, which explored the question of what a system of psychology is.
Edward Thorndike’s early research on learning involved which kinds of subjects?
chickens and cats
In the early 1900s Edward Thorndike collaborated with Robert S. Woodworth in an in-fluential study of
the transfer of training in humans.
The finding that when certain stimulus-response sequences are followed by pleasure they are strengthened and when followed by annoyance or pain they tend to be “stamped out” exemplifies
Thorndike’s law of effect.
The system of psychology that grew out of Darwinian thinking and focuses attention on the utility and purpose of behavior is known as
functionalism.
