Chapter 16 Flashcards
“The Psychological Clinic” refers to
the name of the space in which Lightner Witmer assessed children with educational problems.
What did Witmer’s “clinical method” consist of?
a medical exam and psychological testing of children with educational problems, resulting in a detailed plan to address the child’s challenges
In large part, the formal organization of clinical psychology shortly after World War II occurred for what reason?
The need for mental health services and trained professionals became a national priority because of the increase in psychiatric casualties after WWII.
What is the projective hypothesis?
the idea that patient’s responses to ambiguous stimuli reveal unconscious conflicts and motivations
Molly Harrower observed that responses to the Rorschach Projective Technique could be used to detect the presence of brain tumors. Individuals with tumors
used a more limited number of determinants in their responses.
What was the Macy conference?
a meeting of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to discuss the functions and appropriate training of clinical psychologists
Molly Harrower recommended all of the following in order for psychologists to be-come “properly clinical” EXCEPT
undertaking extensive training in projective techniques and psychoanalytic theory.
What were the three primary functions of clinical psychologists identified at the Boul-der conference?
diagnosis, research, therapy
What did Shakow’s understanding of diagnosis emphasize?
the identification of the nature and origins of a condition, including underlying psychological dynamics and potential outcomes
According to Shakow, what aspect of the clinical psychologists’ functions would set them apart from other mental health professionals?
research
Which of the following is NOT true of Shakow’s effort to study psychoanalytic thera-py objectively?
It provided evidence of the effectiveness of psychoanalysis as a treatment for depression.
The research Shakow undertook to objectively analyze psychoanalytic psychotherapy became known as what?
Shakow’s folly
What was George Albee’s critique of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical train-ing?
It was too heavily influenced by the medical model of mental illness.
What is community psychology?
the study of the social and environmental factors that contribute to mental health and illness in communities
What is the medical model of mental illness?
a model of mental illness in which the focus is on individual diagnosis and treatment
Out of what did the “scientist-practitioner model” of training in clinical psychology emerge?
the Boulder conference
Which of the following was NOT a criticism that was made of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical training
Students did not receive sufficient education about prescription pharmaceuticals to treat mental illness.
What did Hans Eysenck’s review of nineteen published studies of the outcomes of psychotherapy reveal?
There was an inverse relationship between psychotherapy and recovery, with more therapy leading to less recovery.
During the Boulder conference one participant remarked that __________ was an “un-defined technique applied to unspecified problems, with unpredictable outcomes. For this technique we recommend rigorous training.”
psychotherapy
Which two psychologists recorded psychotherapy sessions as part of their research?
Shakow and Rogers
Who proposed client-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
According to Rogers, what does conditions of worth refer to?
messages that others will accept us only under certain conditions
In Rogers’s scheme the therapeutic encounter involves contact between __________ clients and __________ therapists.
incongruent; congruent
All of the following are elements of Rogers’s client-centered therapy EXCEPT for
the patient’s willingness to try out behavioral experiments.
Which clinical psychologist was a pioneer in psychotherapy research, the scientific study of the processes and outcomes of therapy?
Carl Rogers
Which of the following is an example of how empathetic understanding may be opera-tionally defined?
the number of times a therapist accurately describes a patient’s feelings in a session
Hans Strupp compared the outcomes of anxious and depressed male college students who received therapy from college teachers with those who received therapy from ex-perienced clinicians. What did he find?
Students receiving therapy from both groups had equally positive outcomes.
What does the term common factors refer to?
the factors common to almost all types of therapy which account for a large proportion of therapeutic change
When researchers at Temple University, including __________, randomly assigned pa-tients to either time-limited behavior therapy or psychoanalytic therapy they found that __________.
Joseph Wolpe; both approaches were about equally successful
Systematic desensitization is an example of what form of therapy?
Behavior therapy
Behavior therapy is based on what theory?
classical conditioning
The Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used self-report measures of depression. To assess depression this inventory has respondents report
symptoms.
In Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Therapy the A-B-C model includes what three com-ponents?
activating event (or adversity), beliefs, and consequences
Which two clinicians began as psychoanalysts only to later abandon this approach?
Joseph Wolpe and Hermann Rorschach
Who argued that a person who is depressed experiences a disruption in their ability to think like a scientist, that is, rationally and objectively?
Aaron Beck
Which of the following is a NOT a component of Beck’s cognitive theory of depres-sion?
cognitive entrenchment
Cognitive therapy was developed by __________ and has as its goal __________.
Aaron Beck; changing core beliefs
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons psychiatrists embraced the use of drugs to treat mental illness?
They allowed psychiatry to engage in research on mental illness.
What form of psychotherapy was used in the first randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of psychotherapy to antidepressants?
cognitive therapy
All of the following are notable about the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) EXCEPT
it was heavily influenced by psychoanalytic ideas about mental disorders.
What is the focus of interpersonal psychotherapy?
the social processes associated with the onset and continuation of depression
Which of the following is a statistically derived measure of the personality factors rele-vant to understanding psychopathology?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
The process of constructing a psychological test by including items on a clinical scale only if test takers with that diagnosis responded to that item differently than other groups is referred to as
the criterion-group method.
The practice of examining patterns of scale scores on the MMPI, rather than individual scores in isolation, in order to generate diagnostic recommendations is known as
profile analysis.
The use of treatments that have been scientifically tested for their effectiveness treating a specific disorder is known as __________ and was imported into psychology from __________.
evidence-based practice; medicine
