Chapter 16

Question 1

“The Psychological Clinic” refers to

Answer 1

the name of the space in which Lightner Witmer assessed children with educational problems.

Question 2

What did Witmer’s “clinical method” consist of?

Answer 2

a medical exam and psychological testing of children with educational problems, resulting in a detailed plan to address the child’s challenges

Question 3

In large part, the formal organization of clinical psychology shortly after World War II occurred for what reason?

Answer 3

The need for mental health services and trained professionals became a national priority because of the increase in psychiatric casualties after WWII.

Question 4

What is the projective hypothesis?

Answer 4

the idea that patient’s responses to ambiguous stimuli reveal unconscious conflicts and motivations

Question 5

Molly Harrower observed that responses to the Rorschach Projective Technique could be used to detect the presence of brain tumors. Individuals with tumors

Answer 5

used a more limited number of determinants in their responses.

Question 6

What was the Macy conference?

Answer 6

a meeting of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to discuss the functions and appropriate training of clinical psychologists

Question 7

Molly Harrower recommended all of the following in order for psychologists to be-come “properly clinical” EXCEPT

Answer 7

undertaking extensive training in projective techniques and psychoanalytic theory.

Question 8

What were the three primary functions of clinical psychologists identified at the Boul-der conference?

Answer 8

diagnosis, research, therapy

Question 9

What did Shakow’s understanding of diagnosis emphasize?

Answer 9

the identification of the nature and origins of a condition, including underlying psychological dynamics and potential outcomes

Question 10

According to Shakow, what aspect of the clinical psychologists’ functions would set them apart from other mental health professionals?

Answer 10

research

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT true of Shakow’s effort to study psychoanalytic thera-py objectively?

Answer 11

It provided evidence of the effectiveness of psychoanalysis as a treatment for depression.

Question 12

The research Shakow undertook to objectively analyze psychoanalytic psychotherapy became known as what?

Answer 12

Shakow’s folly

Question 13

What was George Albee’s critique of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical train-ing?

Answer 13

It was too heavily influenced by the medical model of mental illness.

Question 14

What is community psychology?

Answer 14

the study of the social and environmental factors that contribute to mental health and illness in communities

Question 15

What is the medical model of mental illness?

Answer 15

a model of mental illness in which the focus is on individual diagnosis and treatment

Question 16

Out of what did the “scientist-practitioner model” of training in clinical psychology emerge?

Answer 16

the Boulder conference

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT a criticism that was made of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical training

Answer 17

Students did not receive sufficient education about prescription pharmaceuticals to treat mental illness.

Question 18

What did Hans Eysenck’s review of nineteen published studies of the outcomes of psychotherapy reveal?

Answer 18

There was an inverse relationship between psychotherapy and recovery, with more therapy leading to less recovery.

Question 19

During the Boulder conference one participant remarked that __________ was an “un-defined technique applied to unspecified problems, with unpredictable outcomes. For this technique we recommend rigorous training.”

Answer 19

psychotherapy

Question 20

Which two psychologists recorded psychotherapy sessions as part of their research?

Answer 20

Shakow and Rogers

Question 21

Who proposed client-centered therapy?

Answer 21

Carl Rogers

Question 22

According to Rogers, what does conditions of worth refer to?

Answer 22

messages that others will accept us only under certain conditions

Question 23

In Rogers’s scheme the therapeutic encounter involves contact between __________ clients and __________ therapists.

Answer 23

incongruent; congruent

Question 24

All of the following are elements of Rogers’s client-centered therapy EXCEPT for

Answer 24

the patient’s willingness to try out behavioral experiments.

Question 25

Which clinical psychologist was a pioneer in psychotherapy research, the scientific study of the processes and outcomes of therapy?

Answer 25

Carl Rogers

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of how empathetic understanding may be opera-tionally defined?

Answer 26

the number of times a therapist accurately describes a patient’s feelings in a session

Question 27

Hans Strupp compared the outcomes of anxious and depressed male college students who received therapy from college teachers with those who received therapy from ex-perienced clinicians. What did he find?

Answer 27

Students receiving therapy from both groups had equally positive outcomes.

Question 28

What does the term common factors refer to?

Answer 28

the factors common to almost all types of therapy which account for a large proportion of therapeutic change

Question 29

When researchers at Temple University, including __________, randomly assigned pa-tients to either time-limited behavior therapy or psychoanalytic therapy they found that __________.

Answer 29

Joseph Wolpe; both approaches were about equally successful

Question 30

Systematic desensitization is an example of what form of therapy?

Answer 30

Behavior therapy

Question 31

Behavior therapy is based on what theory?

Answer 31

classical conditioning

Question 32

The Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used self-report measures of depression. To assess depression this inventory has respondents report

Answer 32

symptoms.

Question 33

In Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Therapy the A-B-C model includes what three com-ponents?

Answer 33

activating event (or adversity), beliefs, and consequences

Question 34

Which two clinicians began as psychoanalysts only to later abandon this approach?

Answer 34

Joseph Wolpe and Hermann Rorschach

Question 35

Who argued that a person who is depressed experiences a disruption in their ability to think like a scientist, that is, rationally and objectively?

Answer 35

Aaron Beck

Question 36

Which of the following is a NOT a component of Beck’s cognitive theory of depres-sion?

Answer 36

cognitive entrenchment

Question 37

Cognitive therapy was developed by __________ and has as its goal __________.

Answer 37

Aaron Beck; changing core beliefs

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons psychiatrists embraced the use of drugs to treat mental illness?

Answer 38

They allowed psychiatry to engage in research on mental illness.

Question 39

What form of psychotherapy was used in the first randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of psychotherapy to antidepressants?

Answer 39

cognitive therapy

Question 40

All of the following are notable about the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) EXCEPT

Answer 40

it was heavily influenced by psychoanalytic ideas about mental disorders.

Question 41

What is the focus of interpersonal psychotherapy?

Answer 41

the social processes associated with the onset and continuation of depression

Question 42

Which of the following is a statistically derived measure of the personality factors rele-vant to understanding psychopathology?

Answer 42

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Question 43

The process of constructing a psychological test by including items on a clinical scale only if test takers with that diagnosis responded to that item differently than other groups is referred to as

Answer 43

the criterion-group method.

Question 44

The practice of examining patterns of scale scores on the MMPI, rather than individual scores in isolation, in order to generate diagnostic recommendations is known as

Answer 44

profile analysis.

Question 45

The use of treatments that have been scientifically tested for their effectiveness treating a specific disorder is known as __________ and was imported into psychology from __________.

Answer 45

evidence-based practice; medicine