Chapter 9 Flashcards
an idea that is not currently actively focused on in a discourse, but which has been mentioned earlier and/or is in the periphery of the addressee’s consciousness
accessible activation state
an assumption that a particular referent or idea is given, new, or accessible in the mind of the interlocutor
activation state
the culmination of a narrative plot, typically at the end of a narrative; something unusual or unexpected which makes the narrative worth listening to and telling
climax
a sequence of events in a narrative which are told after the introduction and which lead to the climax
complicating action
an index of all the words in a corpus along with their immediate linguistic contexts and some information about the frequency and location of each
concordance
a stretch of speech which intends to quote or reproduce the speech of another person, but does not necessarily repeat the exact words of the quoted person
constructed dialogue
database containing collected recordings of spoken or written language
corpus (pl. corpora)
a stretch of language larger than a phrase or sentence, such as a narrative or conversation; the study of spontaneous speech in its natural context
discourse
analysis of how speakers use linguistic structures in stretches of language larger than the sentence for the purposes of communication; includes language and interaction, conversational analysis, information structuring, etc.
discourse analysis
a particle with discourse‑interactional functions, such as oh, hmm, or yeah
discourse particle
an intonation unit which is not completed, such as when interrupted or when restarting a word or phrase; also known as fragmentary phrases
fragmentary intonation units/fragmentary phrases
the rate of vocal fold vibration, perceived as pitch
fundamental frequency
a variety of discourse; includes written or spoken, fiction, nonfiction, story‑telling, conversation, interviews, e‑mail, text messaging, newspaper articles, etc.
genre
information that is activated in the listener’s mind because it has just been mentioned or is obvious in context; therefore it is information that the speaker assumes to be already in the focal consciousness of the addressee
given information
whether the speaker assumes an idea is given, accessible, or new to the addressee
identifiability
the strength of a sound wave, perceived as loudness
intensity
a segment of speech characterized by a single coherent pitch contour, often by declining pitch, volume, and/or rapidity, as well as by preceding and following pauses
intonation unit/prosodic phrase
the relation of a sequence of events, traditionally following a narrative schema
narrative
a pattern of story‑telling that introduces characters, places elements in space and time, and progresses through events towards the climax
narrative schema
information a speaker assumes is not already in the focal consciousness of the addressee
new information
the process in which conversation partners articulate their thoughts and navigate social interaction in real time
on‑line creation of natural discourse
the perception of a sound on a scale of low to high; correlates with fundamental frequency
pitch
in prosody, a pitch pattern characterized by rises and falls
pitch contour
particular prosodic patterns associated with particular individuals or with particular speech usages such as oratory or acting
prosodic styles
the variations in pitch, volume, timing, and voice quality that overlay linguistic utterances
prosody
the “real world” objects of thought and language; people, objects, and situations that exist independently of human language, but toward which human language may be directed
referents
intonation unit containing an utterance that regulates the flow of information in discourse, such as okay, yeah, and hm; also known as regulatory phrases; contrasts with substantive intonation unit
regulatory intonation unit
distribution of speech elements through time, including acceleration, deceleration, and pausing
speech timing
intonation unit where the utterance conveys referential information, i.e. ideas of events, states, people, or objects; also known as substantive phrases; contrasts with regulatory intonation unit
substantive intonation unit
a new topic of conversation which is related to or slightly shifted from a previous topic
subtopic
a pitch contour associated with the final portion of an intonation unit
terminal pitch contour
a sequence of related ideas expressed through substantive intonation units
topic of conversation
a single instance of speech
utterance
a cover term for various modifications of a normal speaking voice
voice quality
