Chapter 10

Question 1

irregular relaxed vibrations superimposed on normal voicing, often evident at the ends of spoken sentences

Answer 1

creaky voice

Question 2

the rate of vocal fold vibration, perceived as pitch

Answer 2

fundamental frequency:

Question 3

information that is activated in the listener’s mind because it has just been mentioned or is obvious in context; therefore it is information that the speaker assumes to be already in the focal consciousness of the addressee

Answer 3

given information

Question 4

irregular vibrations superimposed on normal voicing by a tense larynx

Answer 4

harsh voice

Question 5

are units composed of a sequence of two syllables, the second of which is stressed

Answer 5

iambic feet

Question 6

the strength of a sound wave, perceived as loudness

Answer 6

intensity

Question 7

a segment of speech characterized by a single coherent pitch contour, often by declining pitch, volume, and/or rapidity, as well as by preceding and following pauses; also called prosodic phrase

Answer 7

intonation unit

Question 8

the arithmetic average of intensity measurements over a phrase

Answer 8

mean intensity

Question 9

information a speaker assumes is not already in the focal consciousness of the addressee

Answer 9

new information

Question 10

a relative clause that does not aid in the identification of the referent of the head noun, but provides further information about it

Answer 10

nonrestrictive relative clause

Question 11

the most prominent part of a phrase

Answer 11

phrasal accent

Question 12

a structurally defined subpart of a sentence, including a head and optional dependents; used in Chapter 10 to a sequence of words within a single intonation unit

Answer 12

phrase

Question 13

the perception of a sound on a scale of low to high; correlates with fundamental frequency

Answer 13

pitch

Question 14

the variations in pitch, volume, timing, and voice quality that overlay linguistic utterances

Answer 14

prosody

Question 15

intonation unit containing an utterance that regulates the flow of information in discourse, such as okay, yeah, and hm; also known as regulatory phrases; contrasts with substantive intonation unit

Answer 15

regulatory intonation unit

Question 16

a term used in phonetics to indicate individual speech sounds such as vowels, consonants, and syllables; contrasts with suprasegmentals

Answer 16

segments

Question 17

a visual display of the acoustic properties of speech in which variations in intensity through time are shown with degrees of shading

Answer 17

spectrogram

Question 18

distribution of speech elements through time, including acceleration, deceleration, and pausing

Answer 18

speech timing

Question 19

the relative prominence of different syllables in a word; typically measured in terms of duration, intensity, and/or fundamental frequency

Answer 19

stress

Question 20

intonation unit where the utterance conveys referential information, i.e. ideas of events, states, people, or objects

Answer 20

substantive intonation unit/substantive phrases

Question 21

phonetic properties that extend across multiple sounds; includes syllables, stress, tone, intonation, etc.

Answer 21

suprasegmental

Question 22

a pitch contour associated with the final portion of an intonation unit

Answer 22

terminal pitch contour

Question 23

a cover term for various modifications of a normal speaking voice

Answer 23

voice quality

Question 24

a visual representation of sound based on its acoustic properties

Answer 24

waveform

Question 25

a voice quality in which the vocal folds in the larynx do not come together as closely as in normal voicing

Answer 25

whispering