Chapter 10 Flashcards
irregular relaxed vibrations superimposed on normal voicing, often evident at the ends of spoken sentences
creaky voice
the rate of vocal fold vibration, perceived as pitch
fundamental frequency:
information that is activated in the listener’s mind because it has just been mentioned or is obvious in context; therefore it is information that the speaker assumes to be already in the focal consciousness of the addressee
given information
irregular vibrations superimposed on normal voicing by a tense larynx
harsh voice
are units composed of a sequence of two syllables, the second of which is stressed
iambic feet
the strength of a sound wave, perceived as loudness
intensity
a segment of speech characterized by a single coherent pitch contour, often by declining pitch, volume, and/or rapidity, as well as by preceding and following pauses; also called prosodic phrase
intonation unit
the arithmetic average of intensity measurements over a phrase
mean intensity
information a speaker assumes is not already in the focal consciousness of the addressee
new information
a relative clause that does not aid in the identification of the referent of the head noun, but provides further information about it
nonrestrictive relative clause
the most prominent part of a phrase
phrasal accent
a structurally defined subpart of a sentence, including a head and optional dependents; used in Chapter 10 to a sequence of words within a single intonation unit
phrase
the perception of a sound on a scale of low to high; correlates with fundamental frequency
pitch
the variations in pitch, volume, timing, and voice quality that overlay linguistic utterances
prosody
intonation unit containing an utterance that regulates the flow of information in discourse, such as okay, yeah, and hm; also known as regulatory phrases; contrasts with substantive intonation unit
regulatory intonation unit
a term used in phonetics to indicate individual speech sounds such as vowels, consonants, and syllables; contrasts with suprasegmentals
segments
a visual display of the acoustic properties of speech in which variations in intensity through time are shown with degrees of shading
spectrogram
distribution of speech elements through time, including acceleration, deceleration, and pausing
speech timing
the relative prominence of different syllables in a word; typically measured in terms of duration, intensity, and/or fundamental frequency
stress
intonation unit where the utterance conveys referential information, i.e. ideas of events, states, people, or objects
substantive intonation unit/substantive phrases
phonetic properties that extend across multiple sounds; includes syllables, stress, tone, intonation, etc.
suprasegmental
a pitch contour associated with the final portion of an intonation unit
terminal pitch contour
a cover term for various modifications of a normal speaking voice
voice quality
a visual representation of sound based on its acoustic properties
waveform
a voice quality in which the vocal folds in the larynx do not come together as closely as in normal voicing
whispering
