Chapter 15 Flashcards
the emotional component of an L2 learner’s conscious learning process, which involves how comfortable or uncomfortable s/he is when speaking an L2
affective filter
semantic case role denoting the volitional instigator (the “do‑er”) of an activity or event
agent
the ability to process (linguistic) input and output quickly, unconsciously, and effortlessly, i.e., automatically, without having to think about each word or step in the process
automaticity
a theory from psychology suggesting that if an L2 learner hears a stimulus in an L2 and repeats the word or sentence enough times, it will become a habit and can then be used to communicate successfully
behaviorism
the study of how language is related to how humans learn and process information
cognitive linguistics
pairs of words that are frequently used together, and may be learned, processed, and produced as a chunk, e.g., light lunch, pretty much, right now, etc.
collocations
this refers to both a speaker’s grammatical competence and sociolinguistic competence; the knowledge of grammatical rules as well as the ability to use them in culturally appropriate ways
communicative competence
database containing collected recordings of spoken or written language
corpus
a methodology for linguistic analysis which examines statistically significant patterns over very large sets of discourse data with the help of computers
corpus linguistics
the view that there is a biologically determined period for language to be learned naturally and perfectly; also referred to as the “sensitive period”
Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)
in secondfree morpheme‑language acquisition, an end‑state of acquisition in which the learner’s L2, still not native‑like in certain respects, does not develop further; this state can apply to linguistic items or to subsystems of the learner’s L2, such as the phonological system; that is, other subsystems, such as syntax, may continue to develop
fossilization
a noun derived from a verb; frequently gerunds serve as verbal complements, as in I enjoy learning languages, where the gerund learning is part of the object complement, or Swimming laps can be tiring, where swimming is the verb of the subject complement
gerund
a hypothesis proposed by Long (1996) which claims that language development is promoted by the interactions between speakers through negotiation for meaning, particularly the types of negotiation that trigger interactional adjustments by the L1 (or more competent) speaker
Interaction Hypothesis
the L2 language system created by a learner; the combination of structural elements of a language learner’s first and second languages that results from the learner’s incomplete mastery of the second language
interlanguage
one’s first language, often called one’s native language or mother tongue
L1
one’s non‑native second language, learned as an adolescent or adult
L2
expressions that recur; sometimes idiomatic; may have a range of structures
lexical bundles
a cognitive process of an L2 learner; the learner’s cognitive “watchdog” that consciously reviews what the learner has said in the L2 and monitors it for correctness
monitor
a type of linguistic interaction to facilitate communication; L2 learners signal difficulty in understanding their interlocutor, using conversational strategies to seek clarification or elaboration
negotiation for meaning
semantic case role denoting an entity that undergoes a change of state as the result of an activity or event
patient
the variations in pitch, volume, timing, and voice quality that overlay linguistic utterances
prosody
a branch of both linguistics and psychology that studies the relationship between language behavior and psychological processes, especially the process of language acquisition
psycholinguistics
the study of the processes by which people (children and adults) learn any language in addition to their first language
second language acquisition (SLA)
a term used in phonetics to indicate individual speech sounds such as vowels, consonants, and syllables; contrasts with suprasegmentals
segments
the study of the interactional, social, and cultural uses and meanings of language
sociocultural linguistics (sociolinguistics)
in second‑language acquisition, a plateau stage in a learners’ L2 development; unlike fossilization, stabilization does not represent an end‑state of acquisition but rather a temporary cessation in language development for one or more subsystems
stabilization
phonetic properties that extend across multiple sounds; includes syllables, stress, tone, intonation, etc.
suprasegmental
process of language development involving the learning of irregular forms; learners first produce a correct form, then an incorrect form (based on analogy from learning the grammatical system), and finally the correct form again upon learning exceptions to the rules
U‑shaped learning
in formal linguistic theories, a set of innate linguistic categories, structures, principles, and constraints that form the basis for the grammars of all languages; in nativist theories of language acquisition, UG is hypothesized to account for children’s first language acquisition
Universal Grammar (UG)
