Chapter 13

Question 1

the replacement of a foreign phoneme in a loan word with the nearest phonetic equivalent in the native language

Answer 1

adaptation

Question 2

a word created via morpheme‑by‑morpheme translation from a source language

Answer 2

calque

Question 3

word class whose members serve to classify a noun by shape, animacy, function and/or other criteria

Answer 3

classifier

Question 4

the use of two or more languages in the same interaction or utterance, while conforming to the phonological and grammatical system of each language

Answer 4

code‑switching

Question 5

a pidgin which is learned by children as a native language and in the process undergoes significant development in order to meet the communicative needs of native speakers; for example, Tok Pisin

Answer 5

creole

Question 6

the spread of linguistic features from one language to another

Answer 6

diffusion

Question 7

a multidialectal or multilingual situation in which two varieties of speech (either dialects or languages) are used in different social domains; if three or more languages or dialects are involved, the term multiglossia is used

Answer 7

diglossia

Question 8

endangerment: when a language begins to lose speakers, often from population loss or language shift, and becomes threatened with extinction

Answer 8

endangerment

Question 9

gemination: the process by which a consonant is doubled or lengthened; the consonant is referred to as a geminate

Answer 9

gemination

Question 10

a borrowing of grammatical elements such as syntactic structures, derivational affixes, or lexemes from a grammatical word class

Answer 10

grammatical borrowing

Question 11

in language contact, changes to a language made due to incomplete acquisition by speakers of other languages

Answer 11

interference

Question 12

the situation in which speakers of two or more distinct languages interact with each other, leading to changes in one or more of the languages

Answer 12

language contact

Question 13

the loss of a language that occurs when the last speaker of the language dies

Answer 13

language death

Question 14

the process in which members of a speech community adopt a different language and discontinue speaking their original language

Answer 14

language shift

Question 15

particular lexemes or expressions which are common throughout a given linguistic area

Answer 15

lexical collocations

Question 16

in a situation of creolization, a language that provides vocabulary used in the pidgin that becomes a creole; see also: superstrate

Answer 16

lexifier

Question 17

a geographic region with languages from two or more different language families that have shared linguistic features due to borrowing or diffusion

Answer 17

linguistic area/Sprachbund

Question 18

marriage to a person who speaks a different language

Answer 18

linguistic exogamy

Question 19

a word that has been borrowed into one language from another language; see borrowing

Answer 19

loanword

Question 20

an extreme state of language endangerment

Answer 20

obsolescence

Question 21

a simplified form of linguistic communication used for limited communication between adult speakers of two (or more) mutually unintelligible languages; consists of grammatical and lexical elements from both languages

Answer 21

pidgin

Question 22

similarity in structure that emerges through the gradual convergence of the grammars and lexicons of two languages which co‑exist in a situation of intensive language contact

Answer 22

structural isomorphism

Question 23

the minority language or languages in a situation of intense language contact and typically shift; contributes the grammar and some vocabulary to the creation of a pidgin and creole; contrasts with superstrate

Answer 23

substrate

Question 24

in a situation of language contact, changes to a target language that arise from the incomplete acquisition by speakers of minority languages; speakers transfer features of their native languages to the target language and the changes are adopted by the target‑language community

Answer 24

substratum interference

Question 25

the dominant language in a situation of intense language contact; in situations with pidgins and creoles, it usually contributes most of the vocabulary; in the latter sense also known as the lexifier language; contrasts with substrate

Answer 25

superstrate

Question 26

in a situation of language contact, a dominant language which a minority population acquires

Answer 26

target language