Chapter 13 Flashcards
the replacement of a foreign phoneme in a loan word with the nearest phonetic equivalent in the native language
adaptation
a word created via morpheme‑by‑morpheme translation from a source language
calque
word class whose members serve to classify a noun by shape, animacy, function and/or other criteria
classifier
the use of two or more languages in the same interaction or utterance, while conforming to the phonological and grammatical system of each language
code‑switching
a pidgin which is learned by children as a native language and in the process undergoes significant development in order to meet the communicative needs of native speakers; for example, Tok Pisin
creole
the spread of linguistic features from one language to another
diffusion
a multidialectal or multilingual situation in which two varieties of speech (either dialects or languages) are used in different social domains; if three or more languages or dialects are involved, the term multiglossia is used
diglossia
endangerment: when a language begins to lose speakers, often from population loss or language shift, and becomes threatened with extinction
endangerment
gemination: the process by which a consonant is doubled or lengthened; the consonant is referred to as a geminate
gemination
a borrowing of grammatical elements such as syntactic structures, derivational affixes, or lexemes from a grammatical word class
grammatical borrowing
in language contact, changes to a language made due to incomplete acquisition by speakers of other languages
interference
the situation in which speakers of two or more distinct languages interact with each other, leading to changes in one or more of the languages
language contact
the loss of a language that occurs when the last speaker of the language dies
language death
the process in which members of a speech community adopt a different language and discontinue speaking their original language
language shift
particular lexemes or expressions which are common throughout a given linguistic area
lexical collocations
in a situation of creolization, a language that provides vocabulary used in the pidgin that becomes a creole; see also: superstrate
lexifier
a geographic region with languages from two or more different language families that have shared linguistic features due to borrowing or diffusion
linguistic area/Sprachbund
marriage to a person who speaks a different language
linguistic exogamy
a word that has been borrowed into one language from another language; see borrowing
loanword
an extreme state of language endangerment
obsolescence
a simplified form of linguistic communication used for limited communication between adult speakers of two (or more) mutually unintelligible languages; consists of grammatical and lexical elements from both languages
pidgin
similarity in structure that emerges through the gradual convergence of the grammars and lexicons of two languages which co‑exist in a situation of intensive language contact
structural isomorphism
the minority language or languages in a situation of intense language contact and typically shift; contributes the grammar and some vocabulary to the creation of a pidgin and creole; contrasts with superstrate
substrate
in a situation of language contact, changes to a target language that arise from the incomplete acquisition by speakers of minority languages; speakers transfer features of their native languages to the target language and the changes are adopted by the target‑language community
substratum interference
the dominant language in a situation of intense language contact; in situations with pidgins and creoles, it usually contributes most of the vocabulary; in the latter sense also known as the lexifier language; contrasts with substrate
superstrate
in a situation of language contact, a dominant language which a minority population acquires
target language
